Short-story Paper -- essays research papers

SHORT STORY PAPER Compare/contrast Faulkners Dry September with A rose for Emily in terms of writing personal manner and character presentation.What is going to be analyzed in this paper are the two short stories by W. Faulkner A Rose for Emily and Dry September. Basically, what is to be performed is a comparison/contrast analysis in terms of the writing style and character presentation. More specifically, I will provide first the information from the story A Rose for Emily, concerning writing style and character presentation, and following is going to be the corresponding analysis for the other story Dry September. After the necessary data are provided, at that place is going to be a comparison/contrast of these data, by also citing passages from the two stories, for making them more understandable. The similarities and differences that exist in the two stories are substantial. Before, the analysis on the stories takes place there are some oecumenic points that have to be menti unmatchedd that concern other elements of fiction that are as well important. To begin with, the town name that is used in both stories is the like and that is Jefferson. Also both stories are taking place in the old South. And finally, in both of them the main character is a woman, Miss Emily Grierson and Miss Minnie make respectively.The first story that is going to be analyzed is A Rose for Emily, and more specifically the analysis is divided in two parts, first I am concerned with the writing style and second with the character presentation. To begin with I have to say that this story is cardinal that keeps the referees interest undiminished. It has a complex patch and many questions arise when reading through it. Basically what is creating this is the lack of chronological order in the evolution of the facts that are presented. Things become more clear when one places them in the right order. Since the story is taking place in the old South, the choice and use of words in dicts us to that region. Furthermore, what is also noticed here is that there are many descriptions(descriptive language) used in the story It was a big, squarish frame house that &8230 an eyesore among eyesores(431-2). These help to understand more about the surrounding environs and about the appearance, They rose when she entered-a small fat woman in black &8230 while the visitors stated their errand... ... story the descriptions about characters are referring to Emily a lot, and to other heap that were close to her like the servant and H. Barron. In A Rose for Emily, I saw that the reader is more like adduced to Emilys actions and emotions, while on the other story the reader has to deal with other peoples actions and tones. Added to this, I have also to say that two big differences concerning the main characters in that Emilys complex personality-in relation with her father and loved one is projected more, while on the other story we have more on Minnies environment and rela tionships with other people.Summing up, throughout the analysis of the two stories by W. Faulkner, I spotted many similarities and differences, concerning the two elements of fiction, the writing style and the characters presentation. Overall, the two stories are really interesting with a strange plot. Faulkner maintains in both stories, the strange feeling of an almost horror stories. He shows the profound wickedness that penetrates the various characters in both of the stories. Bizarre characters, outlandish settings, but more or less the same feelings to the reader, created by William Faulkner.

Third Meditation:The Existence of God Essay -- Meditations on First Ph

In the Third Meditation, entitled Of God That He Exists, Rene Descartes presents an argument for the instauration of God. Meditation III talks about what is real and how to justify it. Descartes acknowledges of being doubtful of bodily things solely is absolutely assured that he exists and he intelligibly and distinctly perceives this fact. As he confirms I am a thinking (conscious) thing, that is, a being who doubts, affirms, denies, knows a few objects, and is ignorant of many, - who loves, hates, wills, refuses, who imagines likewise, and perceives. . . (Descartes p 66) However, he could non be certain unless all clear and distinct perception can be true. From this he concludes, whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived must be true. Therefore, he is not only proving that God exists but to prove his existence as well.During his youth, Descartes thought he was confident that all things he believes were true but he doubts it now. For example, two and three added together make five (Descartes 67), which he finds clear and distinct. However, he is unsure about it because he thinks that God might be deceiving him. He says Indeed, if I afterward judged that we ought to doubt of these things, it was for no other reason than because it occurred to me that a God might perhaps have given me such a nature as that I should be deceived, even respecting the matters that appeared to me the most evidently true. (Descartes 67)Since he assumes there is a malevolent God who he thinks is deceiving him, Descartes then necessitate to assure himself and look for evidence that he is not completely deceived. Hence, this causes him in proving that God exists and is not a deceiver.Rene Descartes begins by classifying his ideas into different k... ...ims we do because sometimes we go with our senses and some in our reasons and experiences. However, it is God, on whom Descartes relies on for his existence, and who the source of his idea of perfection is.Works CitedRene Descarte s, Meditations on First philosophy (1641), in Cutler (2013) Belief, Truth and Justification in Epistemology. Douglas College, NW, BC. 25 Oct. 2015.SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on Meditations on First Philosophy. SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on Meditations on First Philosophy. SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.Uzgalis, Bill. Descartes Proof for the Existence of God. . Oregon State University. Department of Philosophy , Oregon State University, 2003. Web .26 Oct. 2015.

Happiness in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essays -- Brave New World

When we look to define happiness, many different ideas come to mind. Websters New Collegiate mental lexicon uses three definitions for happiness good fortune, a state of well being and contentment, and a pleasurable satisfaction. In Brave New World, Aldus Huxley argues that a society put up redefine happiness through the governments manipulation of the environment and the benignant mind itself. The government accomplishes this by mind conditioning throughout the parade of maturing, keeping a caste-based society, and obliterating problems. The government thus defines happiness as the absence of all conflict. This differs from happiness as the American society sees it the ability to pursue and have it away individual desires.The conditioning of minds allows the government to impress its ideas upon maturing children. The process used is hypnopdia, or repetition of sayings during sleep. After many repetitions of one phrase, the idea is hardened within the human mind, proving mos t difficult to undo. Evidence of this method to provide artificial happiness surfaces in both Lenina and Bernards actions. Huxley states this coldly during Leninas trip home with heat content Foster, What a hideous color khaki is, remarked Lenina, voicing the hypnopdic prejudices of her caste (62). Khaki is a color worn by lower castes in the society and the higher(prenominal) castes are taught not to associate with them. Bernards hypnopdic lessons did not work as well as most. He sees everything in this artific...

Because I Could Not Stop for Death :: Literary Analysis, Dickinson

Because I Could Not Stop for Death is proclaimed to be Emily Dickinsons most famous poem. This poem reveals Emily Dickinsons calm acceptance of death. She portrays death being a gentleman that surprises her with a visit. Emily illustrates everyday snapshots into a behavior cycle. While her metaphors explore death in an imitable way, her lines often contain as much uncertainty as meaning. Life and death are but trails to infinity and are seen less important when viewed in the framework of eternity. Emily Dickinsons poem Death is a gentleman taking a woman out for a drive. Because I could not stop for death, He kindly stopped for me (Dickinson 1-2). Emily describes being a busy woman who is caught up with everyday situations. When it comes to death, no one plans on a time or date to die what Emily is identifying as a tragic event is translated to being a casual experience. Emily writes, The carriage held but but ourselves, and immortality, (3-4). Emily describes her ride with death, but affiliates a third rider Immortality. Davidson does not emphasize what is gained after death she emphasizes what is lost because of death, (Privatsky 35). Emilys third passenger has a good variety of interpretations. Normally, one doesnt think about death, yet Emilys approach to death is similar of the approach to immortality. My viewpoint is Emily construes her belief in a soul that does not die but live on till eternity. The idea of immortality is confronted with the fact of physical disintegration. We are not told what to think we are told to present at the situation, (Tate 26). According to Dickinsons words, He slowly drove He knew no haste (5-6). Emily describes a relaxing slow pace towards an unknown destination. On the way she enjoys the peaceful scenes. We passed the school, where children strove, At recess In the Ring-(Dickinson 9-10). Emily is reflecting in her past, this may also be seen as the beginning of a life cycle. Emily then goes on to say, We passed the Fi elds of Gazing Grain- (11). The phrase that she decides to use is judicious because she is not the observer, but instead she is the observed. At that point, she further goes on to describe Setting Sun- as the last scene in her ride. All three of these images suggest phases of the life cycle that the speaker has passed and is passing through and clue us in on her experience date has stopped for her, and the fields of grain do the gazing, not her, (Semansky 34-35).

William Blakes The Sick Rose Essay -- Blake Poetry Poem Sick Rose Ess

William Blakes The Sick RoseThe sick rose is a very ambiguous poem and open to several interpretations, Blake uses lots of imagery and rough-and-ready metaphors. My first impression of the poem was that it?s very negative and includes elements of destruction revenge and perhaps even murder. I think the poems about two lovers, oneness of which cheated on their partner and the other wants revenge.The poem is very contradictory, this is shown in the first line O Rose, thou art sick. A rose usually symbolises beauty, romance and love, it?s a very feminine image but then it is said to be sick so we instantly sense something is wrong. The rose could be modify or hurt. I think the rose isplaying the part of the woman and the worm is personifiedas the man. ?The invisible worm? The image of the worm is very different but yet very effective. Worms are seen as slimy,dirty, and they feed on death, it even holds some kind ofsexual element. The fact that the worm is invisible indicates it dis charge?t be stopped and nothing can be done because it can?t be seen. I bel...

William Blakes The Sick Rose Essay -- Blake Poetry Poem Sick Rose Ess

William Blakes The Sick RoseThe sick rose wine is a very ambiguous poem and open to several(prenominal) interpretations, Blake uses lots of public figurery and effective metaphors. My first impression of the poem was that it?s very negative and includes elements of destruction revenge and perhaps even murder. I telephone the poems about two lovers, one of which cheated on their partner and the other wants revenge.The poem is very contradictory, this is shown in the first line O Rose, thou art sick. A rose usually symbolises beauty, romance and love, it?s a very feminine image but then it is said to be sick so we instantly thought something is wrong. The rose could be damaged or hurt. I think the rose isplaying the part of the woman and the worm is personifiedas the man. ?The invisible worm? The image of the worm is very unusual but yet very effective. Worms are seen as slimy,dirty, and they feed on death, it even holds some kind ofsexual element. The incident that the worm is in visible indicates it can?t be stopped and nothing can be done because it can?t be seen. I bel...

Idioms Denoting Parts of Body Essay

1. IntroductionIt is common screw that angiotensin converting enzyme(a)(a) of the most important functions of phrase is to name the world or exhibit humane thoughts through a system of concepts. They exist in connexion in language and make up a giant ne bothrk with many interconnectedness and association among the various sub split. A good example of this interconnection involves simile. Metaphor is subprogramd in the literary or poetic language. It is also widely employ in e re entirelyy day conversational language. It is obvious that metaphor is utilized to bring ideas sensibly and vividly as it has great expressive occasion. It is cap fitted of conveying more of the human feeling, emotion or attitude toward what is express rather than the non- metaphorical or direct steering of expression.The more developed the society is, the more necessary the need of converse pay offs especially in the process of globalization, the communication has spread beyond the boundary of a country. To poundher with the development of the society in the era of integration, language has been clearly recognized as a in truth important as well asl in communication with many purposes. Language back tooth be delectationd to show iodins feeling, attitude, and evaluation.And through communicating, reading tenderspapers etc., I realize that people very much utilisation lyric, phrases denoting human dust to show their feeling, emotion In our daily life, we deal advantageously recognize intelligence operations denoting our personify parts used plentifully, not only individual tidingss but also word combinations containing more than whizz human body part. Regarding to word aggroups denoting human body parts, their midsections ar not the combination of each words subject matter only, in somewhat cases, their heart and souls atomic number 18 quite divers(prenominal) from the original meaning.Learning of set phrases is important, especially for th e alien learners. Idioms correspond to a valuable vein in incline language, so they need for explanation. Idioms atomic number 18 fixed expressions whose meaning pottynot be deduced from the meaning of its components. Learners of slope must be awake that the meaning send packingnot be taken as a combination of words which the accent mark consist of. Also behaviour of set phrases in sentences is contrary. One cannot understand literally the meaning of an idiom. virtuallytimes it seems that it has no sense or it is illogical. Idioms cannot be changed especially one cannot use related words when the idiom is concerned. Many of them cannot be used in passive form. The structure of idioms is extraordinary. That is why learners of English must k straight that the most important thing is not learn idioms by rote, but cultivation how to use them. If speaker of English knows a lot of idioms and he can use them in a right context, he will be able to communicate more easily.Idiom atic expressions be phrases which use language in a non-literal air. This is why interpretation of idioms is rattling hard. Idioms are group of words, phrases that meaning cannot be concluded from the individual words. Every idiom has a deeper, metaphorical meaning. Idioms are very important in life because it is impossible to speak, read, write and listen to English with run away knowing idiomatical expressions.Native speakers of English feel more comfortable using idiomatic phrases however, non-native speakers can be frustrated because the true meaning of an idiom is not everlastingly clear. One should remember that idioms can be used when every speaker master a language completely. Nowadays, idioms are essential elements that amend the language. However, one should remember that lecturing which is overloaded with idioms loses its originality. On the other hand, lack of idioms make that oral or written linguistic process loses much in its expressiveness.A large number of phrases and sentences in the English language are related to body parts. Some of them are descriptive while others, elusive. Their origins are dated from biblical times to the recent days. apiece generation adds juvenile idiomatic expressions which are connected with their tillage.The meaning of idiomatic expressions is indefinable. They show that metaphors are very important in our lives and that we do not fancy at things in the way they are in reality, but rather we perceive them through our understanding and our experience of the world.The put in thesis is an attempt at an analysis of English idioms with a body component. Its goal is to charter and present the nature of idioms, their connection with culture and context.It is common knowledge that one of the most important functions of language is to name the world or express human thoughts through a system of concepts. They exist in association in language and make up a giant network with many interconnection and associati on among the various subparts. A good example of this interconnection involves metaphor.Metaphor is used in the literary or poetic language. It is also widely used in every day conversational language. It is obvious that metaphor is utilized to express ideas sensibly and vividly as it has great expressive power. It is capable of conveying more of the human feeling, emotion or attitude toward what is said rather than the non-metaphorical or direct way of expression.Achilles heel= the only vulnerable spot in a mortal or thing that is otherwise smashed a serious or fatal weakness/ fault After ones own heart = to like individual because of similar inte relievos An midpoint for an eye (and a tooth for a tooth)= retaliation/ retribution in kind, a punishment that is as cruel as the crime An eye opener = a surprise a startling or enlightening experience sleeveed to the teeth = heavily armedBehind ones back = when one is not presentBlue blood = having the qualities of being of noble b irthCant put ones finger on = cant locate immediately, cant find the answer Cant see beyond the end of ones nose = re fastidious vision concerning decisions of the future Crocodile tears = false tears, pretended griefFace to pose/ eyeball-to-eyeball = confronting each otherFoul mouth = a user of blasphemingHand in hand= in close associationHands are tied = tarryrained from actingHeart-to-heart = intimate speaking freely and seriously around a private subject I could stomach bitten my idiom off= sorry you said somethingIn one ear and out the other = does not heed or pay attention Its in your hands = it is your responsibilityOn the tip of ones tongue= at the point of telling or recalling One creation in the grave = old and decrepitOver ones dead body= against ones strong oppositionRight-hand man= chief assistantTo (not) lift a finger= not to help in the slightest compass pointTo be all ears = to listen attentivelyTo be loosetongued = to talk too muchTo be up to ones ears = im mersed in, caught inTo break persons heart = cause great sorrow, disappoint somebody To breathe down soulfulnesss neck = to follow someone closely in pursuit, the action of a superior who is looking for something wrong or watching someone very closely To bury ones qualifying in the sand = to refuse to accept events To catch ones breath = to rest to regain normal breathing To cry on someones shoulder = to go to someone to talk to somewhat a problem To foam/ froth at the mouth= to be very angryTo force ones hand = make one reveal his plansTo get ones hands on= obtainTo get out of hand= become uncontrollableTo get through ones head= to understand or believeTo give ones right arm = make a loose sacrifice give something of great value To give someone a hand= help, assistanceTo go to ones head= cause dizzinessTo sport a big mouth= to talk too muchTo pass water a perspicacious tongue= harsh or sarcastic in speechTo cast an eagle eye= to lease an excellent eyesight1.1 AimIdiomati c evincesFor the stolon time the terminal zeal appeared in 16th century and it meant style or vocabulary. In 18th century it got terminological meaning such(prenominal) as a group of word unit of measurements. At the same time in most of European languages phrase meant empty words. New lingual branch phraseology developed in 20th century, mostly in East Europe. The forerunner of phraseology was Charles. Bally, Swiss linguist. He used the term phraseology when he wrote about different casefuls of word-groups which differ in degree of stability from free word-groups to phraseological units. The study on phraseology was developed by Russian linguists A.A. Shakhmotov and A.D. Polivanov. M. Tarasevitch (1991448) claims that linguists became aware of the existence in the language of special larger-than-words units word-groups consisting of two or more words whose combination is integrated as a unit with a narrow down meaning of the whole .Russian linguists made an attempt to s tudy various word-groups on a scientific basis. They pointed out the need to establish a new branch of linguistics that would study unusual feature of word-groups. In linguistics, phraseology is a term used for describing the context in which a word is used. The term also threads various structural and semantic types of phrases characterized by different degrees of idiomacity in given language. It includes typical sequences such as idioms, phrasal verbs, multi-word unit and collocations. Phraseology the words and phrases used in particular profession or activity or a particular way of putting words together to express something (Macmillan English mental lexicon 20071119) Phraseology studies compound meaning of two or more words e.g. like a knife through butter.The meaning of the phrase is different from the words used alone. Phraseology studies why such meanings come in everyday use, and what possibly are the laws governing these word combinations. At present phraseology is a bra nch of linguistics studying phraseological units. According to M. Tarasevitch phraseological units are stable word groups that are not based on the generative patterns of free word groups and they are characterized by an elaborate meaning. Tarasevitch claims that phraseological unit should have* Stability of use* Structural separateness* Complexity of meaning and* Word-groups are not built on the generative pattern of free word-groups. Stability of use means that phraseological units are language units which are members of a language community. Phraseology is connected with culture and speech community. Structural separateness helps to distinguish praseological units from compound words.Complexity of meaning signifies the non-compositionality of phraseological units, which mean that the meaning of the whole phrase is different from the sum of literal meanings of the words. Each unit is constituted according to its own unique rule, which cannot be predicted. One of three groups of ph raseological units is idioms. Phraseological units are stable word groups and they have partially or fully transferred meanings (e.g. recoil the bucket). They are lexicalized word group in common use.What is an idiom?A group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words (Oxford goodLearners Dictionary 2000672)An expression established in the usage of a language that is peculiar to itself either in grammatical construction or in having a meaning that cannot be derived as a whole from the conjoined meanings of its elements (Websters Third New International Dictionary 19931123) an idiom is a lexicalized, reproducible word group in common use, which has the syntactic stability, and may carry connotations, but whose meaning cannot be derived from the meanings of its constituents (Cowie 2001125)The word idiom comes from the Greek root idio, meaning a unique signature. An idiom is an expression, a phrase or a combination of words that has a meaning that i s different from a meaning of the individual words. Each language contains expressions which make no sense when they are translated literally into some other language. Sometimes idiom can have literal meaning in some built in bed and different idiomatic meaning in another situation. It is an expression or a phrase which does not always follow the normal rules of meaning and grammar. If somebody (especially a foreigner or a person out expression a given culture) does not know that some words convey a meaning that is unrelated to the individual meaning of those words, he may does not understand what someone is reading.For example kill two birds with one stone can literally mean that somebody killed two birds with one stone. But the idiom has wholly different meaning one resolves two difficulties or matters with a one virtuoso action. Many idioms are similar to expressions in other languages, can be easy to understand and its meaning is usually obvious. For instance, black ship of the family in Poland can be easily understood because there is an identical idiom and it can be easily translated. Other idioms come from older phrases which have changed their meaning over time, for example, kick the bucket originally referred to suicide victims standing on inverted buckets, they kick them away and in this way hang themselves, but now it means simply to die.Shelley (1995) suggests that some idioms are slang. Slang seems to mean everything that is below the standard of usage of present-day English (Galperin 197196). Galperin cited a definition of slang of Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language 1. Originally, the vary vocabulary and idioms of criminals tramps, etc. The purpose of which was to disguise from outsiders the meaning of what was said now usually called cant.2. The specialized vocabulary and idioms of those in the same work, way of life, etc. now usually called shoptalk, argot, jargon. (Galperin 197196). According to Thomas (1995) idioms are known as clichs. Clichs are expressions that have been used over and over again. They are overused and common expressions. Idioms are perceived as a very interesting part of the language because they are different from simple words and phrases. They make language life and rich because they take existing words and combine them with a new sense and take a shit totally new expressions. language is a living thing . Living things grow and change, so does language. (Seidl and McMordie 198811) English language being flexible enriches its vocabulary with the words invented by language speakers, which makes English more colourful with new idiomatic expressions. Since idioms have unpredictable meaning, structure and collocations, they are linguistic curiosities. In many schools, dictionaries and books idioms are omitted because they are perceived as insignificant.They are rarely used in classrooms. But in spoken language idioms are used quite often because of its metaphorical meaning. A ccording to Seidl and McMordie (1988) the attitude to language is still changing. It is observed in some parts of grammar (case, number and tense), and in style. Some words which were deemed as slang in the past now are considered in form-only(prenominal) or colloquial. Idioms are not any longer colloquial expressions. They appear in formal style, in poetry and in the language of the Bible.Idioms and cultureBy culture we understand the ability of members of speech community to orientate themselves with respect to social, moral, political and so on determine in their empirical and mental experience. Cultural categories are conceptualized in the subconscious knowledge of standards, stereotypes, mythologies, rituals, general habits and other heathen patterns. (Cowie 200157)The term idiom refers to a group of words which are usually confusing to people who are not familiar with the language. Nevertheless, many phrases or expressions from natural language are in fact idioms or have i diomatic origin and they have been assimilated into the language. Idioms are often colloquial metaphors. They often combine in their semantics more than one type of cultural information. It means that they require some bringational knowledge, information and experience which are used only within a culture where groups must have common reference. As cultures are localized around some area, idioms are not useful for communication outside of that local context.But there are some idioms that can be more universally used than others, they can be easily translated and their metaphorical meaning can be more easily deduced. Those common idioms have deep roots in many languages, they can be translated in other languages and tend to become international. Idioms are an essential part of English style language study. One cannot say that he know English history, culture and society without understanding the meaning and the roots of English idioms. Each generation has added its new non-literal e xpressions which are defined by the values, beliefs, traditions, customs and events of the times.If you master idioms you will be on your path to better understanding English culture, customs, society and lifestyle of English people. The idiomatic phrases capture the true essence of society better than its equivalent prosaic description. When one uses idioms among English friends and even business associates, he can create emotional bands that bring him closer to their culture. advantage of idioms can lead to better understanding of people. Often background information on the origin or ordinary usage of idioms provides important insight into culture.Different aspects of an idiomSeidl and McMordie (1988) said that idioms are not only colloquial expressions, but they also appear in formal style and in poetry. Idioms often occur in journalism, radio and magazines to make information, stories and articles more interesting. However, idioms are often connected with informal language. Th e construction of an idiom is strict and for one it can be odd (e.g. not by a long chalk). Sometimes the construction seems to be illogical (e.g. for two pins). This is why learning idioms is not only very difficult task but also very exciting and intriguing. People who do not know certain idioms cannot easily understand the others. Such a phrase would not make sense and one cannot deduce what is actual meaning of the expression.These features causes that idioms have to be learnt as a whole expressions without any changes. Sometimes idioms have alternative forms without any change in their meaning (e.g. to drop a brick and put ones foot in it mean to say something tactlessly or blue-eyed boy and golden boy a favoured person). In some cases several verbs can be used in one idiom and the meaning is the same, but sometimes there are slight changes in meaning connected with the verb which it substitutes (e.g. keep/ relieve someone in mind, come/get to/reach the point). An idiom is natu ral to native speakers of the language and only people who are possess English very good can use idiomatic expressions in their speech. Idioms have different structures and combinations.They can be short or long, they contain various parts of speech and they are unpredictable, but sometimes one may guess meaning from the context, when the idiom is used in a particular situation. Foreigners know the meaning of the idiom when it is related to the mother tongue of the speaker (e.g. be in seven heaven in Polish its mean by w sidmym niebie). Some idioms are so difficult that one cannot guess the meaning from the context correctly. It is difficult to learn them. Idioms can change their meaning during period of time or simple phrase can transform into idiom and get deeper meaning as it was with kick the bucket. Learners of foreign language have to learn idioms as a single item with their meaning. It is essential to master the rules of their use in sentences.They are strict in their structu re and they do not allow the word effect to change. A learner must know how to use an idiom in the correct way. Idioms are not separate part of language, but they are very important part of lexicon. Languages contain a large number of idioms and sometimes native speakers use them in the unconscious way. There are many problems with idioms. The chief(prenominal) problem is that it is not usually possible to translate them literally. There are exceptions, for instance, take the bull by the horns can be translated literally into Polish as wzi byka za rogi, which has the same meaning.Mostly, the use of normal rules in order to translate idioms will result in illogical phrases. Idioms have to be treated as single units in translation. There are idioms which are frozen. It means that an idiom appears in the same form and in the same order (e.g. for good ever). But, there is problem with idioms which change the form of the verb, which varies according to tense, person and number.For ex ample, kick the bucket (to die) one gets she kicks/kicked/will kick the bucket. Some people have problem with recognising idioms because they behave like a simple sentence. One can think that the person really kicks the bucket and he does not imagine himself that the person died. The interpretation of idioms for one can be surprising. It is better to recognise idioms which have frozen forms.Idioms pragmatics and contextPragmatics the study of the way in which language is used to express what somebody really means in particular situations, especially when the actual words used may appear to mean something different. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English 20001031). Pragmatics is involved with the comprehension process. The ability to understand another speakers aim is called pragmatic competence.It is a linguistic study of the way in which people use language to touch different goals. Suppose a person wanted to ask someone else to reveal a secret. These could be ach ieved in the different ways. The person could simply say do not tell a secret, please which is direct and with clear meaning. Alternatively the person could say do not spill the beans, which implies a similar meaning but is indirect and therefore requires pragmatic competence.Idioms play very important billet in those studies. Because idioms have general meaning they are rather used to express attitude then give specific information. They are used to express approval or disapproval and admiration or criticism. According to Collins Coubild Dictionary of Idioms (1995) idioms sometimes have connotations and pragmatic meaning which are not always obvious to people who do not know the meaning and then the meaning of the expression can be missed. It may happen that somebody can use an idiom and do not realize that it can be interpreted as critical or disapproving.It can cause wrong reception of the person they are talking to. Pragmatics is one of the most challenging aspects for language learners to comprehend, and can be learned by experience. The interpretation of what the speaker wanted to say using particular words is often influenced by factors such as listeners assumption or the context. In pragmatics two contexts can be distinguished linguistic context (is the set of words that surround the lexical item) and physical context (is the location of given words, the situation in which the word is used, as well as timing, all of them lead to proper understanding of the words).1.2. Practical ValueWhen we use idioms?According to Seild and McMordie (1988) one should know in which situations it is correct to use idiom and weather an idiom can be used in a formal or an informal situation. English native speakers use idioms all the time, and they often do it in an unconscious way. This means that the communication with them can be very difficult. They use idioms to express something that other words do not express as clearly or as cleverly. Of course choice of words dep ends on the person who is speaking, on the situation and the place. If people are friends and they are talking in private there is no reason to avoid using idioms, slang or jargon.But, if in the same situation one of speakers is foreigner they should not use idioms until this person will master the language completely. Learning idioms cause a lot of troubles to English learners because they do not know the culture and history behind the idioms. That is way they often use idioms in portionly. Learners use idiomatic expressions carefully because they are afraid of using them incorrectly. In formal situations, it means when one is talking with a stranger or speaks publicly than one should shun idioms. Using idioms one should know whether an idiom is appropriate in certain situation.When idioms are used judiciously, they can even improve the atmosphere of ones formal writing and provide more interesting descriptions. But when one uses too many idioms, he will damage his work and it will create a wrong impression. Learners of foreign language should know that they cannot translate idioms exactly because they achieve ridiculous effect.The results of foreigners translation may be bewildering to the English native speaker. Sometimes one may be lucky that the two languages have the same vocabulary. It is connected with close relation between language and culture. Idioms can be learnt only by listening to native speakers or reading texts which contains idioms. Mastery of idioms comes only slowly, through careful study and observation, through practice and experience. (Seidl and McMordie 19788)Idioms with a body part componentMany English idioms are related to outdoor(a) and internal organs of the human body. Body parts idioms contain following aspects body parts which are connected with senses internal organs limbs and limbs elements other body partsBody idioms connected with sensesEar IdiomsEar is an organ of hearing. It is a part of human auditory system and it is u sed to listen to the sounds. Ear idioms have both positive and negative meaning. Half of them are positively loaded the other part is negatively loaded.Eye idiomsEye is an organ of vision. According to Macmillan vocabulary (2007) eye is one of two body parts used for seeing. Most of the idioms are positively loaded.Nose idiomsNose it is a part of peoples face that is used for smelling and breathing. Half of nose idioms have a positive meaning the other half have a negative meaning. jumble idiomsAccording to Mcmillan English dictionary (2007) skin is the external layer of humans and animals body. Skin also enables feeling.Body idioms connected with limbs and limbs elementsArm idiomsArm is an upper limb of human body with your hands at the end. Six arm idioms have a positive meaning, one is rather torpid and the others have a negative meaning.Shoulder idiomsShoulder it is one of two parts of the body between ones neck and the top of ones arms.Hand idiomsIn dictionaries there are many different uses of word hand. As a body part hand is at the end of each arm that people use for picking up and holding things, but it is also used for moving and touching things.Hand provides a good source for metonymic extensions and hand-based idioms convey both positive and negative meanings. That said, a hand that takes does not give, your hand and not the charity of others, someones hand outruns his/her tongue (speech), someones hand and strike, someone with a long hand, someones hand on his/her heart, someone with an empty hand, someone with a loose hand, someone with a short hand, someone with a dry hand, someone dug his/her grave by hand, someone withdrew his/her hand from someone/ something, soften your hand (imperative), as left by your hand, no power in hand, putting ones hand in anothers throat and nobody hit him/her on the hand are all instances of hand based idioms that express negative meanings.Finger idiomsFingers are the long, thin parts at the end of humans ha nds. Half of the finger idioms have a positive meaning and the other part is negative.Leg idiomsLeg is a lower limb of human body with your foot at the end. Bigger parts of leg idioms have negative meaning (5), one is neutral and the rest are positive.Foot idiomsFoot the part of your body that is at the end of the leg on which a human or an animal stands. Six idiomatic expressions are negatively loaded and four of them have a positive meaning.Toe idiomsToe is the one of the individual parts at the end of humans foot. Only one idiom (be/keep on ones toes) have a positive meaning, one is neutral (from top to toes) and the rest are negatively loaded.Internal idiomsHeart idiomsHeart is the organ in humans chest that makes blood flow around the body. The term refers to our feelings and emotions in reference to peoples character. Heart is considered as the most important and influential part of human body. It is the place where peoples deepest emotions come from. It is believed that hea rt controls emotions and it is used to talk about love and happiness. This is why, the most of idioms are positively loaded. 80% of heart idioms contain the word heart in Polish and 20% of idioms are not related to heart or feelings.Bone idiomsBone is one of the hard parts that form a fame inside the humans or animals body. Bone function is to move and protect the internal organs of the body. Bones create the skeleton. This is why they used to represent death. Nowadays, study idioms are more general and they are not connected with death any more. Most of them (six) have a negative meaning, three are positively loaded and one is neutral.Tongue idiomsTongue is the organ in your mouth. It is a long piece of flesh fixed to the bottom of humans or animals mouth. People use it for tasting and speaking. Tongue, mostly is use to talk but it also stands for a style of expression, a particular way of speaking and writing. Almost all tongue idioms have a negative meaning, which is surprising. It is the first body part which is so negatively loaded. None of idioms have a clear positive meaning. Only one is neutral have something on the tip of ones tongue.Other body parts idioms star idiomsHead is the top part of humans or animals body that has brain, eyes, mouth and nose. Head can also stand for mind and thought. It is often connected with reason, thoughts or memories. There are many various uses of the term, which are listed in Macmillan Dictionary (2007). Six head idioms have a positive meaning and four of them are negatively loaded. Head provides an essential source domain for characterizing people human states and behavior. The implicit meanings of head-based idioms are predominantly negative.This being the case, someones head getting big which is equivalent to the English swollen-headed is used rhetorically as a metonymy to stand for someone who is arrogant, whereas someone with a big head refers metonymically to any knowledgeable person (scientist, engineer or pr ofessor) who is most appreciated by others, or to any person in power (minister, prime minister, or university president) who has mastery over issues others do not. Someone with a heavy head, which is equivalent to the English sleepy head, symbolizes a person who is less plausibly to wake up early and almost misses the clock alarm.Other idioms which also implicate negative meanings include someones got dry or consentaneous head, which is a metonymy for the attribute of stubbornness and which is parallel to the English hard-headed, and someones head and pillow, which symbolizes loneliness (unmarried or friendless person) and metonymically stands for anybody who need not look after anyone except him/herself. When someone constructed roads in my head which is equivalent to the English drilling a hole in someones head is said by someone, then the speaker is complaining that he/she is tormented by someone pertinacious, one who is persistently nagging and over-enquiring about somethin g in a very unpleasant manner.Face idiomsThe conventional pragmatic implications of the idioms could also be either positive or negative. Instances of metonymic face-based idioms of negative implications which are of frequent use include someone has been eating my face, someone should not be given face, someone with a bloodless face, someone slept on his/her face = someone slept on belly, and someones face hinders the livelihood. Someone has been eating my face is a metonymic expression used to stand for someone who relentlessly asks about something and insists on his request. This idiom is also used to stand for creditors who insist on their request and seek to recover debt from debtors. Someone should not be given face is also a metonymy for a meddling person and this idiom is used as advice not to establish a relationship with any such type of people.There are some people who are intrusive overbearing in a very intolerable way, and if someone shows them a good congenial and smi le in their faces once, they are encouraged to come back and hope to get more and more, and ask someone at every opportunity to give them what they want. If someone forgives and disregards an intrusive persons mistakes, then the apologizer baron go too far and keep insulting and hurting the apologize unless the apologizer is stopped from doing so. Further, there are some disturbing people who overstay their welcomes, in that if respected and welcomed in someones home or workplace, they come to visit someone every day in order for the host to undertake the duty of hospitality.For all these possible reasons, some people might use the metonymical idiom of someone should not be given face. Someone with a bloodless face is a metonymic expression that symbolizes rude and shameless people who are likely to speak in a way that may be hurtful and offensive to others people who do not care whether they are right or not due to over brazenness and lack of modesty and understanding. The metonym ical idiom of someone slept on his/her face is normally used to describe someone who slept worried or slept because of the severity of fatigue.Finally, the expression someones face stops the livelihood is used to describe pessimistic people who are likely to get someone down. It is normally said when someone failed to fulfill something following running into a pessimistic person. Metonymical face-based idioms of positive implications are relatively few and they include you can see your face in it and your face and not the moonlight.The former is used as a metonymy to signify anything tremendously ashen such as car, door, floor, etc. It is so clean that one can see ones face in it as if it were a mirror. The last mentioned is said while addressing the beloved person and used to express the longing and welcome to the beloved person after a long absence. Also, someone with duster face is a metonymy for a peaceful person who is innocent of some charges blamed on him/her accidently.B ack idiomsBack is the body part that is opposite side to peoples chest, it is between the neck and the top of legs. Half of back idioms are positive and the other half has a negative meaning.2. CalculationIdioms are one of the most difficult parts of the vocabulary of any language because they have unpredictable meanings or collocations and grammar. One of the main difficulties for learners is deciding in which situation it is correct to use an idiom, i.e. the level of style (neutral, informal, slang, taboo, etc. idioms). Learners of English may also have difficulty deciding whether an idiom is natural or appropriate in a certain situation. It is extremely unwise to translate idioms into or from ones native language. One may be lucky that the two languages have the same form and vocabulary, but in most cases the result will be utterly bewildering to the English native speaker and possibly exceedingly amusing. (Seidl 1988)Todays English has a general tendency towards a more idiomat ic usage. Even educated usage has become more tolerant, so the use of idiomatic expressions increased in frequency. Idioms are, in a very broad sense, metaphorical rather than literal they are effectively metaphors that have become fixed in language. In some cases, it is fairly easy to see how the idiomatic meaning relates to the literal meaning, in other cases, the literal meaning may make no sense at all. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the positive and negative pragmatic implications of body-based idioms that are enhanced by metonymy.It was found that metonymical idioms that include lexis for head, face, eye, hand, tongue, and leg predominantly implicate negative meanings. Also, whereas metonymy-enhanced idioms that include body parts such as hair, nose, tongue, teeth, back, skin and blood were found to be expressing positive and negative meanings almost equally, metonymical idioms that are based on mouth and neck were found to be conveying positive meaning only .It might be possible to argue that the use of the majority of body-based idioms is enhanced by the need to be polite. Having said that, we could say that the use to which these idioms are established and hold is to protect the speakers and/or the addressees face. Idioms in general and those examined in this study in particular are all examples of indirect communication of opinions, human states and behaviour.Almost every body idiom is related to human being, to its behaviour, qualities and everyday life. Understanding of the metaphorical meaning of idiomatic phrases is related to everyday experience and the world around us. It causes that metaphors are very important in peoples lives. This is whyone should know idioms especially when he is learning language. Metaphors are part of the language. If one understands idioms, he will understand culture of foreign people.3. Some ExamplesAll earsIf you are all ears, you are very interested and ready to listen to what another person wants to tell you. Tell me what happened Im all ears.All in your headIf something is all in your head, you have imagined it and it is not real. Stop idea that everybody hates you. Its all in your head.Cost somebody an arm and a legIf something prices an arm and a leg, it is very expensive.This television set cost me an arm and leg. It wasnt cheap at all.Armed to the teethA person who is armed to the teeth is using or carrying a lot of weapons. The antagonist soldiers were armed to the teeth. It was impossible to defeat them.At each others throatsIf two people are at each others throats, they are arguing in an angry way. It looks like they are at each others throatsagain. They just cant agree on anything. baffle the gutsIf you have the guts to do something, you are brave enough to do it. He has the guts to express his opinions in public.Hit a spunkIf you hit a nerve, you upset someone by talking about an uncomfortable topic. I think you really hit a nerve when you mentioned her divorc e. cark in the neckIf someone or something is a pain in the neck, he/she/it is very annoying. Angela is a real pain in the neck. She annoys just about everyone she meets.Pick someones brainsIf you pick someones brains, you ask the person for advice, suggestions and information. I need some ideas. Can I pick your brains? playact it by earIf you play something by ear, you deal with a situation as it develops rather than according to any plan. We dont have a plan. Well just have to play it by ear.Pull someones legIf you pull someones leg, you make someone believe something that is not true, usually as a joke. Dont take her seriously. Shes just pulling your leg.Put your foot downIf you put your foot down, you stop something from happening by using your authority. She was out of control but her parents finally decided to put their foot down.4. References1. Courtney, R., Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, Essex England Longman Group UK Ltd, 1994 2. Gibbs, Raymond W. (1994) The Poetics o f Mind metonymical Thought, Language, and Under-standing. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 3. Gibbs, Raymond W. & Berg, E. (1999) Embodied metaphor and perceptual symbols. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22,4. Gibbs, Raymond W., Lima, Paula & Francuzo, Edson (2004) Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience. Journal of Pragmatics 36,5. Gibbs, Raymond W. & Wilson, Nicole L. (2002) Bodily Action and Metaphorical Meaning. 6. Goossens, Louis (1990) Metaphtonymy The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in 7. expressions for linguistic action. Cognitive Linguistics1, 8. Halliday, Michael A.K. (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London Edward Arnold. 9. Hansen, Gyde (2005) Experience and Emotion in Empirical Translation Research with 10. Think-Aloud and Retrospection. Meta 50,11. Flavell, L. and R., Dictionary of Idioms and their Origins, Kyle Cathie LTD, London, 2002 12. Manser, M., Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins, London Sphere Books Ltd., 1990 13. Rogers, J., The Di ctionary of Clichs, New Jersey Wings Books, 1994 14. Seidl, J., English Idioms, Oxford Oxford University Press, 1988 15. Warren, H., Oxford LearnersDictionary of English Idioms, Oxford Oxford University Press, 1994 16. ***, The COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms, London, Harper Collins Publishers, 1995 17. ***, The Longman Dictionary of English Idioms, Longman Group UK Ltd., 1979 18. ***, The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, New York, Oxford University Press Inc., 1999 19. ***, The Penguin Dictionary of English Idioms, Penguin Books Ltd., 1994 20. ***, The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms, Ware Wordsworth Editions Ltd., 1993 21. ***, The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase & Fable, Hertfordshire Wordsworth Editions Ltd., 1993.

Architecture Design, the Royal Ontario Museum

The museum is currently undergoing a major renovation and expansion project, dubbed Renaissance ROM, located at the corner of Bloor Street and Avenue Road, northerly of Queens Park and on the east side of Philosophers Walk in the University of Toronto. The centrepiece is the recently-opened Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, designed by architect Daniel Libeskind and Bregman + Hamann Architects installation of exhibits in the addition will continue over a period of months. Existing galleries and creates are also being modified. Renovated galleries in the historic buildings will reopen in stages, and all work is scheduled to be completed by 2010. The final cost of the project will be $270 million CAD.The Libeskind design, selected from among 50 entrants in an supranational competition, saw the award winning Terrace Galleries torn down and replaced with a Deconstructivist crystalline-form clad in 25 percent glass and 75 percent aluminium. The building is named after Michael Lee-Chin, who don ated $30 million towards its construction. It houses the new main entrance to the museum, a gift shop, a restaurant (C5 Restaurant and Lounge), a cafeteria (Food Studio), seven additional galleries and Canadas largest temporary exhibition hall in the lower level.The Crystals canted walls do not touch the sides of the existing heritage buildings, save for where humdrum crossing occurs and to close the envelope between the new form and the existing walls. Although designed to conform to existing height restrictions and maintain sight lines along Bloor Street, the Crystal, at certain points, cantilevers over the setback and into the street allowance.The buildings design is similar to some of Libeskinds other works, notably the Jewish Museum in Berlin, the capital of the United Kingdom Metropolitan University Graduate Centre, and the Fredric C. Hamilton Building at the Denver Art Museum. The steel framework was manufactured and assembled by Walters Inc. of Hamilton, Ontario. The extrud ed anodized aluminium cladding was fabricated by Josef Gartner in Germany, the only company in the world that can produce the material. The company also provided the titanium cladding for Frank Gehrys Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain.

To what extent have the goals of feminism been achieved?

In simple terms feminism can be defined as the belief in matesity between the sexes, based on the idea that gender should non affect a persons social identity, or socio-political or sparingal rights, and complete comparison regardless(prenominal) of actual or perceived sexual orientation or identity. (Wikipedia, 2006) Complete equality between the hands and wowork force can be further broken down into three main categories social, economic and political equality. In my essay I will assess the extent that the conclusions of each mortal category take a crap been accomplished.However as feminism is a very broad doctrine, and both(prenominal) feminists be much(prenominal) more operose line than some others, deciding to what extent goals gull been carry throughd is dependent on whose definition of the goals you use. The first part I would like to discuss is that of social equality between men and women. integrity of feminists main social aims is to eliminate the doub le standards that occur between men and women in all aspects of life, varying from women being expected to take maternity kick in instead of men, to sexual equality between intimate partners. Ward Crowe 1981)This idea is at the heart of the whole feminist ideology and so is very important, however like almost all-feminist goals, the extent to which it is complete depends on which feminist you speak to. Although this is the case there is little argument between feminists that double standards between the sexes contain been reduced dramatically in the last one hundred years, and most would say that this goal has almost been achieved. Another major social goal for the feminist movement is the equal treatment of women in the media, including an end to media and advertising exploitation of womens bodies.This has al panaches been seen as a crucial area by feminists, as sex-role possibleness states that men and women will mirror the characters they see in the media, meaning that they w ill continue with male chauvinist stereotypes that are being shown to them. (Craig 1994) As the media is an area that has traditionally been in all overleapd by males, they stereotypes used often to be prejudice against women, and even when they werent, the mere fact that no women read news or did any other presenting jobs left its own sub-conscious mess maturate in the populous.Although the feminist movement has been successful in wrestling some of the power away from the predominantly male industry, the media is an area where there is put away plenty of work to be done before there goals are complete. Although in the modern world female presenters are considered the norm, and women are not just portrayed as doting mothers, the issue of the media, especially advertising exploiting womens bodies is still huge. In my opinion feminists will find it very bad to change this fact simply because there will always be women willing to do it and it will always increase sales.As I said, I think the feminist movement has managed to improve the treatment of women in the media, but will never be able to find complete equality with men in this arena. Getting rid of the acceptance of misogynist language and derogatory terms for women is another of the feminists main social goals. This is a difficult area for the feminist movement to make progress because terms that are considered derogatory for women such as, the missus to refer to ones wife are massively widespread and not considered to be sexist by most of those who use them.Therefore the only way that feminists can try and prevent these terms remaining in everyday language continuously is through educational policies. As some(prenominal) of the people who accept this misogynistic language are not interested in being educated against it, it becomes very hard to find a way to change the situation. Having said this, slowly as time goes on and people become more understanding, the situation has been slowly astir(p) al though I think only the most liberal feminist would claim that linguistic equality has been anywhere near achieved.The last important social goal that I want to look at is the acceptance of women in history. This is an interesting area, as some feminists dont see it as a major issue, while others foreshadow it is crucial to establishing total equality between the sexes. As historically the world was based on a much more patriarchal system and men controlled almost all the power, there are few examples of women playing significant roles in history. Whether this is because they didnt apply the chance to or because their deeds werent recorded is the focus of much debate, but most feminists would say it was the second.However even if this is the case it is very hard to give women credit for un-recorded deeds and so feminists have been fighting an up-hill interlocking to try and get these ladies their recognition. The second main aspect of the feminist ideology is the economic equalit y of men and women in all areas of their lives, this is crucial to feminism as economic equality moves women away from being stereotyped as house-wives. The first economic goal that I want to look at is the idea of equal pay for equal work.The main thrust of this agenda is the removal off the gap in wages that occurs between men and women doing the same jobs. The removal of this difference, cognise as the wage-gap has been one of the major rallying points for the feminist movements as since women entered the work-place they have been paid significantly less than men for the same work. Although the wage gap still occurs today it has been reduced by up to 15% since 1970 according to some estimates (Wellington 1993) and other say it may well disappear entirely within the beside ten to fifteen years.Although feminists have not at this point in time eliminated the wage gap, they have managed to reduce it massively and it looks to keep getting smaller, so most feminists would say that t his goal is on it way to being completed. Coupled with this idea of equal pay for equal work is another of feminisms main economic goals equality between the sexes in the hiring forward motion and treatment of employees. There are employees who are less willing to hire women as they risk losing them after they have children, and will have to pay for maternity deviate.The feminist movement had tried to address this through a series of legislation, which to a certain extent has helped although the hassle definitely still occurs. They have encountered similar businesss with promotions as although at lower levels promotions of men and women have become a lot less bias than they were in the past at higher levels a glass ceiling still seems to remain in place. This term refers mainly to the business world where although women can gain promotion up through the company they still seem to find it very hard to reach the very highest levels, and men still massively dominate the boardroom.A lthough this problem has started being addressed by companies in recent times, removing it further is still one of feminisms main goals. The goal of equal treatment of employees ties in with the idea of lookism, in one case again especially in the business world. Lookism is the discrimination against people based on the way they look or dress, and although it does occur to men in is in general a female problem. Although the situation has improved it is still the case that it is much easier for a woman to find employment in the business sector if she is comely.Feminists have been working hard to try and stop this discrimination for example, by eliminating dress codes which could exploit womens bodies. However it is very hard as there are many other factors which could effect employees decision on who to hire, making it almost impossible for feminists to confirm when it has taken place. The leash area that feminists have focused on hard to obtain equality is politically, as without this equality in the other two sectors will not make the difference it should.One of the main things that they strive to achieve in this area is that men and women should have equal rights under the legal philosophy. Although it seems amazing now up until 1918 women were not allowed to vote in Britain, and not until 1928 was the voting age lowered to twenty-one in line with men. (Holten 1986, p134) Since then many more improvements have been made in making the sexes more politically equal, with women allowed to represent in the House of Commons, however hard-line feminists would say that even now we are not politically equal in Britain, as men still dominate the House of Lords.Although in Britain women have succeeded in gaining almost equal political rights, in other parts of the world women are still much more oppressed. In Kuwait for example, the parliament just rejected a bill that would have given women the right to vote and stand in parliament, and so the feminists have not n early achieved their worldwide goals. Another major political goal for the feminist movement is that abortions should be legal, accessible and affordable, without parental or spousal take on laws. Feminists feel this is important as they feel all women should have the right to their individual choice whatever the circumstances.In Britain feminists have come some way to achieving these goals, although abortion is still not technically legal, the abortions act of 1967 has made it legally defensible to have an abortion in certain circumstances, and there is much less stigma against abortions than there used to be. However feminists would say much more should be done, feeling that re-cooperation services should be available and that more open law should be put in place. Feminists also believe that women should be allowed to serve in the legions as well as men, and that men should not be drafted ahead of women in times of war.Once again in Britain they have come some way to achieving t hese aims with women now allowed to work in all sectors of the military except the front line. Although feminists try to campaign for this to furthered to include women being allowed to serve in the front-line I do not think this will occur for some time, if ever, as women and men cannot serve in the same units. In other parts of the world, again the political system is less relaxed on this issue, and women are not allowed o hold any positions in the military establishment, so as a goal of feminism it has not come close to being achieved. general I think that socially and politically many of the goals of feminism have been achieved, at least to a large extent, whereas economically women are still disadvantaged compared to men, especially in the business sector where many things work against them. However I feel that in Britain, all three areas that feminists are fighting for equality in are improving, and there is no area where the levels of inequality are rising.On a global scale on the other hand the picture is not nearly so positive, with many nations still giving their women no political or economic power and forcing them through social customs to leave education early and follow their mothers into early marriages and house-keeping. In my opinion the feminist movement would be well advised to stop worrying so much about supposed inequality in the West and instead focus their attention on the very real problems faced by women in the third world.

Favorite Brand Paper Essay

Sony is one of the leading if not leading technology Corporation within the technical business world today. This organization headquarters cannister be found in Tokyo, Japan. Sony business is focus on electronics, entertainment, and gaming systems, and it also has a financial service sector. The Sony organization mainly focus on electronics such as video games, and TV networking. With these elements it makes Sony a premier organization that deals with consumer satisfaction, and gives them a comprehensive identity within the technology industry.This corporation has many variant brands to offer to the public. Yet, all one stands out in my opinion, and thats the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation gaming system has been around for many years. Now in there are visual modality of features that stands out. The price is one of the most interesting factors. Sony has dropped the price in the early stage of the PlayStation 4 to inexpensive price of $299.00. Making its a affordable gaming com fort that offers a wide range of different games. An different reason why I enjoy this gaming console it offers a strengthened in wifi system with no extra cost.Other features that makes this brand stand out is the graphics and design of the console. With any type of computer akin system the heart of it is thecentral processing unit. This feature gives the PlayStation 4 an excellent graphic experience that causes individual to fall in love with its system. The gaming console controller is featured with gripped handles and easy to understand movements of the controls.Sony Corporation has established an excellent long-term connection with consumers worldwide. This organization is known for offering credit to loyal consumers across the board. By giving discounts as well as payback procedures. Sony risk management is one of the key reasons why their growth is superior within their industry. By developing consumer surveys that help enhance their product, and shows their loyalty by tak ing in account consumers opinions. In using this strategy Sony has now discover that consumers have a exceedingly high expectation when it comes to quality, the value of their money. Therefore, Sony gives a complete effort to makeconsumers satisfied with their experiences using their products.The new Playstation 4 has a share of rival such as the Xbox 360 as well as his counterpart the Xbox One and as well is the Nintendo. In order to be competitive sony has to have grace dealing with consumers by being compassionate with their prices. Microsoft gaming consoles are expensive at price of $100 more then the PlayStation 4. The other brands or somewhat cheaper but does not have the design and graphics the PlayStation 4 has such as the Nintendo. This gaming system has different devices, and they are very(prenominal) cheap with a price tag of $114.00 to $200.00. This is another japanese made product, but does not have the features as the PlayStation 4.Offering only the basic gaming exp erience. Another factor that makes the Sony brand stand out is that it offers an elite online gaming thats free. The Xbox 360 in the Xbox One has an annual price they charge for their online games, and individuals limited to games, as for the Nintendo it does not offer these feature. Individuals as well can play Blu Ray high definition DVDs on their Playstation 4. The competition is limited in this category offering only the basic viewsdealing with DVDs & high definition games.With all these elements concerning the gaming industry. PlayStation 4 continue to outsell its competition. Which is the Xbox One as well is the Xbox 360 and the Nintendo. In turn makes it the human activity one gaming console worldwide. Sony has committed to cultivating its gaming system for the next generation to enjoy the product. Sony PlayStation 4 has no pressure with it status in the gaming industry with it significant prices, and design. With gives reasoning to buy the console.Therefore, marketing is al l about identify as well as being committed to consumers needs. I have the pleasure of stating that this organization have successfully built a market that is loyal to their customers. Sony has alway created dissimilar products that allows them to build capital and become a draw within their respective industry. By working internally dealing with each divisional labor department to ensure correct research training as well as planning their marketing mix to serve the global community.Referencewww.1 to 1 media.com/view.aspx?itemid=30928www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2014/06/13/the-5-best-reason-to-buy-ps4/http//www.playstation.com/en-us.

Deception in ResearchÂÂ

Deception in Research The article I chose from genus Gallinago Library was around Deception in Research. While exploring my area of interest may require misleading or not comp permitely informing your subjects about the true nature of your inquiry, as a general rule, serious thaumaturgy should be avoided whenever possible, since it put at risks the integrity of informed authority. For interrogation involving whoremonger the do of deception must be unspoiledified in the procedure to show that the research cannot be performed in the absence of deception and the benefits of the research will sufficiently be more important than any risks that deception may create.Research participants cannot be deceived about significant aspects of the research that would affect their willingness to participate or that would cause them sensual or emotional harm. Deception must be explained to participants (debriefed) as early as reasonable. A debriefing script must be included in the procedure an d should include a detailed description of the ways in which deception was used and why when and by whom the debriefing will be administered should as well as be included.True informed hope cannot be given if the true nature of the research is deceptively presented. This situation is dealt with administratively via a waiver of portions of the information consent regulations. Deception is a word used to end arguments, not to begin them. To accuse researchers of deception is to remove them from the ranks of those with whom legitimate human relationships can be pursued. For an example, lets look at in the article of Deception in Research on the Placebo Effect.Experiments exploring the placebo effect, however, suggest justifiable respectable concerns, owing to the use of deception. The ethical intend to conduct of deceptive placebo research include (1) review and approval by an independent research ethics to establish the use of deception and that the field of battle protocol offer s sufficient value to justify the risks it poses to participants, including the use of deception (2) disclosure in the informed-consent document that the study involves the use of deception and (3) participants at the conclusion of research participation.This besides concludes that in order to supply to public accountability, articles reporting the results of research using deception should describe temporarily loyalty with these participant-protection rules. Ethics is one of the about crucial areas of research, with deception and research increasingly becoming a crucial area of discussion between psychologists, philosophers and ethical groups.Examples of Deception and Research to show how ethical concerns have changed during the 20th century, it is useful to look at some examples such as Deception in Psychological Research. Deception has been attacked repeatedly as ethically unacceptable and virtuously reprehensible. However, research has revealed that subjects who have participa ted in deception experiments versus no deception experiments enjoyed the experience more, received more educational benefit from it, and did not principal being deceived or having their privacy invaded.Such evidence suggests that deception, although unethical from a moral establish of view, is not considered to be aversive, undesirable, or an unacceptable methodology from the research participants point of view. The repeated assumption of the unacceptability of deception seems to be due to the fact that deception has been evaluated only from the viewpoint of moral philosophizing. This has led to the repeated conclusion that deception is reprehensible and seems to have created a perceptual set to view deception immediately as aversive.However, the perception of the unethical nature of deception seems to be stripped in studies that investigate innocuous public behaviors and enhanced in studies that run the risk of harming research participants or in studies that investigate private behaviors. When this knowledge is combine with the fact that research participants do not mind being deceived, and that it can also be viewed as immoral not to conduct research on important problems, the scale seems to be tilted in favor of continuing the use of deception in psychological research.Is it ethically permissible to use deception in psychological experiments? We argue that, provided some requirements are satisfied, it is possible to use deceptive methods without producing significant harm to research participants and without any significant violation of their autonomy. We also argue that methodological deception is at least at the moment the only effective means by which one can acquire morally significant information about certain behavioral tendencies. Individuals in general and research participants in particular, gain self-knowledge which can help them improve their autonomous decision-making.The union gains collective self-knowledge that, once shared, can play a role in shaping education, informing policies and in general creating a more efficient and just society. Reference 1. Deception in Research on the Placebo Effect Franklin G Miller,*David Wendler, andLeora C Swartzman Author informationCopyright and License informationSee Placebo Physician, bring to Thyself , e388. This article has beencited byother articles in PMC. 2. Harrington A, editor. (1997) The placebo effect An interdisciplinary exploration.Cambridge (Massachusetts) Harvard University Press. 272 p. 3. Deception in psychology moral costs and benefits of unsought self-knowledge. Bortolotti L, Mameli M. SourcePhilosophy Department, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, 2006 Jul-Sep13(3)259-75. 4. 200212(2)117-42. Deception in research distinctions and solutions from the perspective of utilitarianism. Pittenger DJ. Source Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave. , Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA

Childcare Level

The evaluate st advance of social development for a fry advance four is being fitted to eat with a fork and spoon, despite not being subject to use a knife yet the child should be able to skillfully use a fork and spoon on their own. They should also be able to dress and undress themselves, but not yet evaluate to be able to tie laces, or back buttons. They should also be able to do more hygiene essentials such as washing and drying their hands without any support/ help, and brush their teeth.They should also have developed a skill to manoeuvre sensitivity towards their friends and other people and fancy n understanding of how the other person may feel. They should also show a ordainingness to be around and play with other children, and Like to be free-lance and take more control in what they do. They should start to show a sense of humor when talking In a conversation, or wealth an actively.The expected stage of social development for a child age five would be for a child to be able to dress and undress themselves with no help, and beginning to learn how to do laces, but may show some difficulty. They should be able to find an Interest In an activity for a long-term period of mime, without needing the attention of an adult or getting bored. An example of this would be reading a story or watching a film.They should be able to show an understanding to other peoples emotions, and show sympathy and comfort to their friends when they are hurt. As well as this enjoy looking after and petting pets. They go out have certain likes and dislikes, and have strong opinions on it some may have no apparent logic such as cutting a piece of food in a certain way for them to like it. They will be able to choose their own friends, and be able to turn decisions whether they like someone or dislike someone for a reason.Childcare LevelThe expected stage of social development for a child age four is being able to eat with a fork and spoon, despite not being able to use a knife yet the child should be able to skillfully use a fork and spoon on their own. They should also be able to dress and undress themselves, but not yet expected to be able to tie laces, or back buttons. They should also be able to do more hygiene essentials such as washing and drying their hands without any support/ help, and brush their teeth.They should also have developed a skill to show sensitivity towards their friends and other people and show n understanding of how the other person may feel. They should also show a willingness to be around and play with other children, and Like to be self-supporting and take more control in what they do. They should start to show a sense of humor when talking In a conversation, or wealth an actively.The expected stage of social development for a child age five would be for a child to be able to dress and undress themselves with no help, and beginning to learn how to do laces, but may show some difficulty. They should be able to find an Interest In an activity for a hourlong period of mime, without needing the attention of an adult or getting bored. An example of this would be reading a story or watching a film.They should be able to show an understanding to other peoples emotions, and show sympathy and comfort to their friends when they are hurt. As well as this enjoy looking after and petting pets. They will have certain likes and dislikes, and have strong opinions on it some may have no apparent logic such as cutting a piece of food in a certain way for them to like it. They will be able to choose their own friends, and be able to shape decisions whether they like someone or dislike someone for a reason.

What Makes You What You Are

character What makes you the way you ar? Science News The Independent At some point in your life, youve in all probability filled in a disposition questionnaire (Do you see yourself as.? ), and wondered as you ticked the boxes if at that place bunghole re e genuinely last(predicate)y be any severity to such a simplistic way of assessing people. Surely the lashings just reflect your mood on the day, or what you want the investigator to have in mind. Surely both 1 gives the selfsame(prenominal) answer, which is it depends.Or even if the scores measure something, surely it is how the person sees themselves, rather than how they rattling atomic number 18. In a new book, I examine what the extent of the science inherent personality psychology really is. The answer is more than you would think. While it has always been popular in business and pop psychology, and within academic psychology, personality look has been a poor relation to the parts of the discipline with experime nts and hard objective measures. However, this is changing fast.The field of personality is undergoing a renaissance. The reasons for the renaissance ar several. Academics now lay down some really thoroughly long-term studies of the same individuals, and it turns out that those brief, simplistic, pencil-and-paper questionnaires beget surprisingly useful properties. They produce a wide range of selfdescriptions. The responses are sensibly repeatable over intervals of many years. They similarly correlate quite well with ratings of the person given by their spouse, friends or colleagues.Much more importantly, though, the responses turn out to foresee objective events. For example, in a famous cohort of gifted Californian children recruited in the 1920s, and who are elderly or deceased now, personality scores numeral representations of answers to questions are significant predictors of life expectancy. In another long-term study, this time of American married couples, the qual ity and duration of the marriage is predicted by the personality scores of both parties prior to marriage. in that location are many other examples, with personality scores predicting substance addiction, problem gambling, and the onset of psychological illnesses. Of course the prediction is a statistical mavin you can assign odds, not make oracular pronouncements but this is how it always is in psychology. Humans are such complex systems that you are skilful to explain a portion of the variation in outcomes, and never expect to explain it all. In recent years there has been renewed interest in personality assessment. This has been greatly aided by the fact that there is now a consensus on what the key variables are.Its untimely development, the field was greatly hampered by every investigator having his or her own scales, frequently using different label and measures for what turned out to be the same thing, or indeed the same names for what turned out to be different things . But over the last 20 years, many studies in several different cultures have shown that much of the positive variation in personality can be reduced to scores along five dimensions (the Big Five) extroversion, neurosis, Conscientiousness, agreeableness, and Openness. Its important to stress that these are all continuous dimensions.That is, there are no discrete important to stress that these are all continuous dimensions. That is, there are no discrete types of person. Personality dimensions are like height or weight, which vary continuously, not like universe a left- or a right-hand writer. Your score on one dimension is independent of your scores on all the others, so there is an al most(prenominal) infinite diversity of different overall profiles possible. If developments within psychology have facilitated the renaissance of personality studies, it is at the interface with biology where the exciting developments are beginning to come.Neuroscientists have shown, mainly using the increasingly sophisticated brain resourcefulness techniques that are now available, that those simple pencil-and-paper personality scores correlate significantly with the size or neurophysiological reactivity of specific regions of the brain. Moreover, these turn out to be the very regions that other types of evidence (evidence from brain damage, for example) would lead us to expect would be involved in that particular area of psychological function. Geneticists, too, are acquire involved in personality research.It has recently become apparent that more of the human genome differs from individual to individual, even within our rather genetically homogenous species, than was antecedently thought. We know this inter alia from the complete period of Dr Craig Venters genome, which was published earlier this month. About 0. 5 per cent of the genetic information in his maternallyinherited genome is different from his paternally-inherited one. Variant sequences chance on nearly ha lf his genes, and it is likely that in many cases those variants will have some functional effect on body, brain or behaviour.In a a few(prenominal) cases, we even know which genetic variants have effects on personality. There is a gene that encodes a receptor molecule for the neurotransmitter dopamine, and which contains a repeating sequence whose length varies from person to person. A number of studies have found that the length of this sequence correlates with self-reported extraversion and reinforcing stimulus-seeking behaviour. In another gene, the serotonin transporter, individuals with one variant are more likely to develop depressive symptoms in response to stressful life events than bearers of the other version.In a few years, we may be in the position of actually understanding the molecular bases of the differences in nature that we observe between healthy humans. (But note that genetic effects will not turn out to be the whole story only around half of the variation in personality looks like being heritable, with the rest probably shaped by early environmental exposures and other developmental processes. ) The other group of researchers getting interested in personality is evolutionists. Personalitylike variation has been found in organisms as diverse as fish, mammals and birds.Indeed, Darwins whole theory of evolution rests on the observation that individuals vary from one another. Without such variation there can be no natural option and no evolutionary alter. The question for evolutionists is why you would find variation persisting in populations, when selection always reduces diversity in favour of the optimal type. In fact, it turns out that there are often multiple optima, even within a single habitat, with individuals of one type doing well under certain(p) conditions, spell faring less well than their competitors under others. Thus, nder certain conditions, while faring less well than their competitors under others. Thus, selection rare ly narrows the population to uniformity because individuals with different qualities flourish in different contexts. I rather like this as a guiding framework for thinking about(predicate) personality in modern humans. Rather than imagining that there is some personality profile that is uniformly good to have, lets assume that all have their strengths and all have their pitfalls. Indeed, the failure of any one profile to predominate the human population at attempts to their roughly equal fitness in the long run.So, whatever your score on the Big Five, the point is not to try to change it, or fight it. The point is to establish which niche within the complex ecology that is modern society will be a good one for you to ply your trade in, and which of the diverse dangers (social isolation, addiction, depression ) that lurk in our both beneficent and hazardous habitat are the ones against which you should be most vigilant. This is where self-knowledge comes in, and taking the personal ity test overleaf can be part of that. Scoring your personality wont tell you anything you dont know.Its based on how you see yourself, so logically it couldnt. But it can reveal to you how you compare to other people, and can also tap you into a wealth of accumulated psychological knowledge about the strengths and liabilities that other people uniform to you have experienced. This is what the questionnaire and the interpretation overleaf are designed to do. Daniel Nettle is the author of Personality What Makes You the Way You Are (? 12. 99), published by Oxford University Press. To order a reproduction for the special price of ? 11. 69 (with free P) call Independent Books Direct on 0870 079 8897, or visit www. ndependentbooksdirect. co. uk What kind of personality are you? Take this test to discover the truth Introducing the big five Once you have completed the questionnaire and added up your scores, you should have an indication of whether you score deplorable, medium-low, medi um- superior, or high on severally of the Big Five dimensions of human personality. But what do these scores mean? Here, I explore the Big Five to examine their effects on our lives. Extraversion This is a familiar concept. High-scorers are fun-seeking and cheerful, but they are not necessarily immediate hedonists they are often ambitious and hard-working.They are also sexually brave and love to be the centre of attention. Low-scorers are not necessarily shy so much as aloof they can take or start success, praise and pleasure. The best way to think about this dimension is in toll of response to reward. Society offers certain incentives money, power, fame, attention, sex, thrills, and so on, and some people certain incentives money, power, fame, attention, sex, thrills, and so on, and some people pursue them full-out, while others have a more muted response and thus wont work so hard to baffle them.The strengths of high-scorers energy, charisma, drive, the ability to make things happen. The weaknesses a tendency to get bored, restlessness, infidelity, risky decisions. Strengths of lowscorers detachment, pursuit of intrinsic goals, prudence, fidelity. The weaknesses not thrusting themselves forward, not having fun, a flat emotional tone. There is no value-judgement about which of these is better from the point of view of a potential employer or spouse, but is certainly worth being aware of the likely pitfalls and most suitable habitats for your particular take of Extraversion.Conscientiousness Conscientiousness measures how good people are at setting themselves goals and sticking to them. High-scorers are disciplined, efficient and systematic. They can resist enticement and stick to priorities they have set themselves. In most modern occupations, and particularly those where you have to manage your own time and priorities, fairly high Conscientiousness is advantageous. Low-scorers are more likely to get distracted from tasks, renege on plans, and succumb to weaknesses of the will. Indeed, low Conscientiousness is a risk factor for developing addictions of all kinds.Being high in Conscientiousness is not always an unalloyed benefit, though. Sometimes it is indeed important to stick to plans. But at other times it is important to be able to change them on a sixpence. Very high scorers are perceived as grim, pedantic, unspontaneous, even miserly. There is even a name for extravagant Conscientiousness obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and this is a very socially disabling condition. There are many human activities, including, crucially, social relationships, where it is essential to be able to respond in the moment to your environment as it changes.Highly conscientious people are rigid, often sticking to tasks and plans even when the point of them has been overtaken by events, or when the needs of others around them require spontaneous reorganising of priorities. Thus, if you are very low in Conscientiousness, for the sake of your career, your health, and your wellbeing, you may need to work effortfully at seeing your plans through, and being selfdisciplined. If you are a very high scorer, you may need to learn to be more spontaneous and intuitive, again for the benefits that this will bring in terms of flexibility and improved social relationships.Neuroticism I would like to dispel the notion that Neuroticism is always a bad thing, a kind of pathology, and that the best level of Neuroticism to have is a very low one. The evidence for the prosecution yes, high-scorers live their lives under the Damoclean swords of depression, anxiety, stress, and disappointment. Whatever the world says about them, they are often disquieting in their inner lives, and go through life either with bouts of difficult times, or with a constant vague feeling that something is not quite right.However, if we think logically, negative emotions, such as worry, are always going to be there for a reason. One would not want to be en tirely without worry. It would be as damaging to life decisions as the inability to feel physical pain is to peripheral physiology. High Neuroticism scorers can bring to bear terrible powers of deep thought, detailed analysis, novel insight. They care about the details that others cant be bothered to follow up. Under some circumstances they do well academically. If you are a high-scorer, you may well be a member of a thinking profession such as an academic or a writer.High Neuroticism scorers, then, have hidden advantages. The challenge for them is to find ways to deal with the negative sequels of their personality. Some people respond well to cognitivebehavioural therapy, some to meditation, many to exercise. Low-scorers, too, have disadvantages. You probably dont suffer much in life, which is good, but maybe you are not thoughtful enough. Maybe you let details go, and dont think deeply enough about future drawbacks or problems. Maybe you are too carefree or rose-spectacled to see every potentiality. Agreeableness Agreeableness is a dimension of empathy towards others.High-scorers are often found in caring professions such as nursing and counselling.. They have larger-than-average social networks, and their relationships with others are harmonious. They dont get into fights and are generally slow to anger. By contrast, the very lowest-scorers are sociopaths they callously use others for their own ends. So far so good. It is better to be well-liked than to be a sociopath. However, in many fields, high Agreeableness reduces occupational attainment. Nice guys really do finish last, and moreover, plenty of our leaders have something of the sociopath about them.Successful artists and executives, though, tend to be rather low in Agreeableness. This means that the high Agreeableness scorer may not be prepared to be hard-headed. You may stay in relationships that do you no good out of empathy for the others involved. Agreeableness is the most sexually-patterned of t he Big Five, with no prizes for guessing women scoring more highly on average than men. This adds an interesting new perspective on the paucity of women in positions of power. Many of them find it difficult to be callous enough.Should we be encouraging them to be more callous, or trying to change what we reward? Openness Openness is a dimension of imagination. High-scorers make mental associations that go beyond what is given to the senses, or what is logically deducible. They are keen on poetry and the arts, and often have metaphysical or esoteric ideas. Nobody wants to be called unimaginative, but when you stop and think about it, it is not evident Nobody wants to be called unimaginative, but when you stop and think about it, it is not evident that being imaginative in this sense is necessarily useful in life.Low-scorers can be very intelligent and capable, though they will be oriented towards the practical and the soluble. High-scorers will be more able and willing to venture into the domains of the aesthetic. However, they can also develop eccentric, paranormal or even delusional beliefs, and fail to solve simply resolvable practical problems. Neither a high nor a low score is inherently desirable it is simple a matter of harnessing the strengths that you have. www. independent. co. uk ht/w. needn. ou/essinepro tp/wwidpnetc. knw/cec/es nlt-htmksyutewyyuae426. tl aiywa-ae-o-h-a-o-r-069hm ht/o. lfg tp/gog/fS

Mental Behavioral Case Study Essay

A lady came into the emergency room, she felt as though she had maybe had a stroke. We started to ask her questions, we asked her how long she had been tang this way and she told us five days. She was then ask, what whatsoever of her symptoms were. She began to tell us that she was preparing for a weekend in Vegas when she noticed that her left I started to jump, she thought zip fastener of it. It the jumping persisted, it continued to annoy her. The woman began to say that she carried on with her plans. She then notice that her eyebrows would not fall on that side and that her taste was different. Her tongue began to feel numb as well. She began to cry because she really felt as though she had a stroke and why did she not overhear both symptoms or any illnesses that could provoke it to happen. She said that what really made her come in was that her mouth began to twist and her eye drooped. because the doctor asked her questions or so her last time she gave birth or maybe a s inus infection or something that dealt with her stressing. She then told the doctor that she had a baby about 5 months ago. Then the doctor told her since it has been about five days you are a lucky young lady. I dont suppose this is a stroke, I think that this is prices palsy. I then told her not to worry it was shut up in the primary stages and that I would need to put her on a steroid and a antibiotic drug to help her get better. I then began to tell her that she was lucky she came when she did because some people stay with gongs palsy without ever getting it corrected. She then asked me what Bells palsy is. I explained to her that Bells palsy is a form of temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or damage to the facial jumpiness. The facial nerve-also called the 7th cranial nerve-travels through a narrow, bony dissolveal called the fallopian canal in the skull, beneath the ear, to the muscles on each side of theface.I then explained to her that the disorder, whic h is not related to stroke, is the most third estate cause of facial paralysis. Generally, Bells palsy affects only one of the paired facial nerves and one side of the face, however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides. I then went on to tell the patient that Bells palsy afflicts approximately 40,000 Americans each year. It affects men and women equally and can occur at any age, but it is less common before age 15 or after age 60. It disproportionately attacks people who have diabetes or upper respiratory ailments such as the flu or a cold. I told her that it can occur after pregnancy as well. I then said to her that some people that are affected by the disease their family has to be encouraging because some people have after effects or may not have caught it in time like she did to have the chance to have their feeling come back into their face.This affects them in inn because people are cruel and it can also affect being able to work or define what you can and cant do in yo ur life. It also will affect the index to eat, due to the numbness of your tongue. I then told her that she had nothing to worry about she was going to be ok and she did the right thing by coming into the ER when she did just take her medications and she would soon see her grinning again. We then gave her some information and websites that she could look at dealing with the disease. This would be able to help her and restrain her support to deal with what she was going through. I then let her know that I too have had bells palsy and if I could get my smile back so can she. She left the office feeling a little better knowing that her stage of disease was primary and that it was treatable.Mental Behavioral moorage StudyHCS/245 Kristene Diggins November 8, 2014 Jamikka Waremercer