Essay on Survival Situations and Groups - 588 Words

The definition of survival is simply, the fact of remaining alive or in existence, especially after facing life-threatening danger. Whether it’s a short or long term survival; effort, great thought and preparation must be put in place for it to be successful. Likewise deciding to remain alone or join forces with an assemblage is an essential decision that must be made. Many movies and books portray the lone wolf braving the situation unaccompanied and valiant. Although this scenario may seem very idealistic, the reality is that going at it alone is perilous and the possibilities are certainly not in favor of the lone wolf. Furthermore most military establishments employ a group formation when going on missions where survival is of the†¦show more content†¦Increasing collection morale will customarily assist in inspiring the members of the group who are struggling with individual motivation. Approaching survival in groups allows members to divide work efforts among themselves; as a result allowing the members periods of rest and no risk of burning out. The separation of work efforts in a group also permits assigning members with the appropriate skills to certain jobs. Moreover this offers a diversity of problem solving styles; allowing for a more assorted set of ideas, thus improving the odds of survival. The division of skills and efforts can also provide members with a sense of self-worth, boosting morale and over all bringing a less stressful situation to the parties. Not only does this method allow for members to use particular skills but, it employs teamwork as well. Lastly, dividing jobs between group members decreases the physical stress on the body. According to http://survivalguide.net â€Å"It is very delicate balance when considering energy use in a survival situation. On one hand, the essentials, food, water and shelter must be maintained; on the other hand, you must conserve as much energy as possible in survival situations. Inactivity or a lack of confidence will result in poor decision making, a decrease in stamina and an early demise.† Given these points the division of work efforts within a group gives the highest probability of continued existence. FinallyShow MoreRelatedImpact of Gender in Media and Film1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe second group facts to consider are identified as a dynamics of survival and are developed from close but simplified observations of multiple cultures, societies and nations. In essence they can be described as follows; the basic and primeval thrust toward survival is survival of self. Survival of self is the strongest of all thrust toward survival and will in most situation be self-evident in an individuals actions and decisions; the second thrust toward survival is toward survival of the familyRead MoreUtility And Morals By John Stuart Mill1203 Words   |  5 Pagesstays and who goes. Leaving the elderly people behind would be a wise decision since they have limited motor skills and in an environment of survival it might be a risk. If any of them happen to have a disability it will impact their rate of survival. In a situation as dire as the one presented it’s important to have the means necessary to secure the survival of many. â€Å"John Stuart Mill, by contrast, argued that the rules of right and wrong should above all else achieve the greatest good for the greatestRead MoreSignificance Of William Golding s The Lord Of The Flies Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesBook Report 2. IDENTIFY THE INCITING INCIDENT OF THE PLOT AND EXPLAIN WHY THAT WAS EVENT WAS SIGNIFICANT. The conch is an item of significance in The Lord of the Flies. It symbolizes Ralph’s power and influence within the group of boys. Not only is it used to call other to meetings, but also to identify whose turn it is to speak. Therefore the inciting incident of this novel occurs when Ralph and Piggy discover and retrieve the conch. Afterwards, they blow on it and â€Å"mooed like a cow†(16) andRead MoreThe Survival Value Of Emotions1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Survival Value of Emotions In evolutionary theories of emotion, such as those established by Darwin, and further expanded by Robert Plutchik and Paul Ekman, emotions developed historically as a result of natural selection and functioned primarily for our survival (Ekman, 1992, p.169; Laurentian University (LU), n.d. 3.1 ). To respond to these needs, emotions were adaptive, meaning they had survival value, and thus were selected specifically to aid in reproduction, the protection of young, cooperationRead MoreThe Bravest Response To Fear833 Words   |  4 Pagesshape humans’ behaviors, clouding their judgement and decisions. Thus, the correct way to respond to this fear is to be aware of these emotions. This is explicitly demonstrated in William Golding’s , Lord of the Flies, which narrates the journey of a group of boys when they find themselves alone on a deserted island. Karen Thompson, in her TedTalk, â€Å"What Fear Can Teach Us†, said, â€Å"how we choose to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives.† Specifically, fear has the ability of shape humans’Read MoreEmotions And The Human Race985 Words   |  4 Pagesphysically or mentally. According to the evolutionary approach to emotions, emotions are very important. They are the key to animal and human survival. Evolution states that emotions are passed on through genetic replication. It forms bases of behavior. Without emotions we would not be able to meet the selection pressures of natural selection, sexual selection, or group selection; all of which are needed to survive. Selection pressures can consist of a change that allows an animal to run slightly fasterRead MoreDivided We Stand : Institutional Sources For Ethno Federal State Survival And Collapse1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate Henry Hale’s article â€Å"Divided we Stand: Institutional Sources for Ethno federal State Survival and Collapse†. Hale’s attempts to respond to the criticism leveled against ethnofederalism, which posits that ethnofederal institutional arrangement leads to secession and consequently failure of central state. He argues that exis tence of a core ethnic region facilitates separatism and secessionism, which if addressed will resolve the misconception about ethnofederalismRead MoreThe Road By Frank Mccarthy1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe landscape of a post-apocalyptic society contains nothing to live for, it is a world without the people you love, without sun, flowers or food; only lawlessness, fear and uncertainty of survival. McCarthy creates a post apocalyptic world in his book, â€Å"The Road,† that addresses the issues of our time by illustrating the fears of society and the violence that accompanies them. These fears at the time were most recently initiated by the attacks of 9/11 and the subsequent Iraq war and the resultingRead MoreThe Goal Of Studying International Politics1549 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause it best explains the situation in Taiwan and presents the best generalizable conclusion for how the relationships between states work. The first theory, realism, is concerned with only survival and power in international relations. This is because realists assume that states are rational, unitary actors in a state of Hobbesian anarchy whose preferences are mutually conflictual. Hobbesian anarchy is a terrible state in which every actor cares only for their own survival. This means that underRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding784 Words   |  3 Pagesthe action of leading a group of people or an organization. Through the story, the Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, uprising or leadership transpired. Most of the conflict of leadership was between the two main characters, Jack and Ralph. One being the antagonist (Jack) who craved power and the protagonist (Ralph) who fought for survival and respect. In a group, their are people who have better qualities that best suits them for the role of the leader, in this situation, Ralph was the best leader

How Technology Has Changed Our Life - 868 Words

Everyday for the past nine years of my life I have slowly been letting technology brainwash me. It all started with my first cell phone in fourth grade, the phone was a gift and it was just another toy to play with. At the time cell phones did not do much and had little purpose for a fourth grader. Similarly to a drug, I used the cell phone periodically, but as time progressed and the product quality increased I started getting addicted. This is not only for cell phones but with every piece of technology like televisions, computers, tablets, and many more ingenious pieces of technology that are on the market today. The point is, no one is just living anymore, but practically digitally living where technology is now a crutch, it is addicting, and more than anything it is powerful. When a patient breaks an arm, he or she gets a cast to aid the bone to heal, with a broken leg a crutch is needed to walk, with life technology is needed to get people through the day. In elementary school t eachers teach addition, subtraction, multiplication, and long dividing because this should be a common skill to possess. Along with reading, writing, and even researching that should be daily practices and now have been outsourced. Such simple tasks have been given a new meaning and level of skill that it is a joke to most. When at a restaurant and a family is trying to figure out a tip the mom will use her phone s calculator to do the math. Or a high schooler is to lazy to read so he or sheShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Has Changed Our Life1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe recent changes in technology has been vast comparatively to any other decade. We have come a long way from riding around on horses to modern self-driving cars (Google,2015). From cordless to smart phones. The technology has completely changed the lifestyle of a day-to-day routine. At the moment we are able to do almost everything on a 5† inch touchscreen that would require basically a whole desktop PC just a d ecade ago or so. Considering that we have come to the tech era, how difficult is it forRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life843 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant part of our modern activity is the use of technology in all the aspects of our life form Sciences, Engineering to daily life. Nowadays, technology is replacing human in many fields. In Medicine, Makoplasty, Robodoc and Da Vinci are the most famous medical robots that are acting like as real doctors. There is no doubt about the improvement that technology has brought to the life of modern â€Å"Men† tremendously that some people have started spreading the idea that Technology can excellently takeRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life1643 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, technology, as a productive method to change our life style, is significantly integrating into our daily life. However, at the very beginning, technology is just as an advanced and unavailable existing stay at scientific laboratory, which is far from the public’s daily life. The unpredicted but expected truth is that it develops much faster in recent decades and getting much popular in our routines. We use smart phones to contact each other; all kinds of APP’s usage make our life easy andRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life1030 Words   |  5 PagesGrowing up in a generation that is primarily known for its technological advancements, I was always amazed to see how technology gradually evolved; filling the gaps in all dimensions of human’s life. This curiosity and interest in technology ignited my pursuit of the bachelor’s degree in engineering, where I was exposed to various segments of engineering technology and management fundamentals. I enjoyed organizing National level technical symposiums, cultural fests and leading my university tableRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of the technology, telephone was invented, computer was invent ed, and now scientists have invented robots that can be apply in some fields and affect our life. At first, scientist invented robots was in order to make life more convenient. Indeed, we do not need to sweep the floor every week because robots can help us, and also we do not need to get round to wash dishes before working every day after finishing rush dinner. Yes, we cannot deny that robots help us a lot in our life. NeverthelessRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life1988 Words   |  8 Pageswords â€Å"unplug† and â€Å"technology† in the same sentence, instantly it causes them to be startled or uneasy by just the simple thought of staying away from technology, but we can actually gain a lot from this. Sure, it has improved our life, but there are always two sides of the story. Personally, I waste rather than save time whenever i m on the Web because time seems to go so fast and one does not even realize it. Is it possible that technology has become such a c ommon part of our life that it’s seenRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life Cycle1334 Words   |  6 PagesAn era in which primary wants have risen along as primary needs have vanished. Society has pushed us to require unnecessary products that business are provide us with. And while time passes by we increasingly need more and more comfort. But is there a possible way to keep up with it? From a linguistically point of view the term planned obsolesce is made up of two words; planned and obsolesces – a plan is a detailed proposal of doing or achieving something while obsolesces refers to becoming obsoleteRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life Quality1367 Words   |  6 Pages We human being have had many inventions since ancient, which makes us evolve further. More directly, the inventions improve our life quality. One of the most crucial inventions is the vehicle. The initial vehicles were undeveloped. Vehicles ran very slowly, and they were fragile. Nevertheless, only the super rich people could afford a car before third technical innovation. Today a car is an ordinary commodity in many countries particularly developed countries. Ultimately, engineers are stillRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life And Economic Power Has Made The Great Nations Of Today s Society Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past millennium a lot has changed; technol ogy has skyrocketed to next generation levels, medicine has been revolutionized to maximize human life and economic power has made the great nations of today withstand the test of time. These great features, great attributes of the modern world are only capable due to the minds of the greatest; the most intelligent people in the world. Benjamin Franklin with the founding of electricity. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow with the development of radioimmunoassayRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Technology1370 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology has changed modern society drastically, both positively and negatively. Technology has influenced every aspect of our life, making it simpler but not necessarily better. Albert Einstein was concerned about the advancement of technology. I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction.1 Undoubtedly, what has changed the most are communication, the spread of information, and how business is practiced. Consequently, practically everyone knows how to use a computer, connect

Challenges in Cyber Security for Business-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What are the Challenges in Cyber Security for Business? Answer: Introduction Cyber security refers to the group of technologies, practices and technologies that are meant for protecting computers programs, networks and computer data from external attack, unexpected damage or even forbidden access through cyber-crime (Margaret Rouse 2017). It is the measures organizations have taken to protect their confidential information from external attacks by cyber criminals that may results in tempering with the important information. It is now a reality that in the contemporary world, businesses and organizations are moving away from the manual systems of storing data and information. New technologies have emerged to facilitate easy management of information, and quick flow of information through technological computer networks. This has made organizational activities much complex and easier; there has been increased rate of operation as the work processes are sped up, and also reducing workloads that used to accompany the previous manual work operational systems. But everything good comes with its negative side of the coin. In this information age, as much as most firms are advancing into new technologies, there have been challenges as well that pose a threat in their goals of computerizing the organizational work processes. These problems are technological in the name of cybercrime. Cyber-crime is the situation whereby a computer network is used as a place, a tool or a target for criminal activities (The Department of Commerce 2011). Cyber-crimes have posed big challenges to most firms as their valuable information has been encroached into, leading to loses and damages. This has necessitated creation of cyber security measures to curb on these criminal activities, but there have always been challenges in trying to implement these security measures. Literature Review A lot has been written regarding the field of cyber security; how best it can be implemented, and the challenges it faces in ensuring maximum security for the organization. There are various contrasting views about this field of study by various authors. Some authors have tried to deeply analyze the cyber security area to try bringing to light the extent to which it is of essential use for many organizations and the hardships of implementing it. According to (Kostyuk 2014), cyber-crime is a global problem that has ravaged a lot of organizations from America to Europe to Africa. Big global technological corporations such as Apple and Microsoft have all been the victims of cyber security with their systems being hacked into by the notorious network of cyber criminals. The prospect of cyber security infiltrators to break into highly secure organizations such as Microsoft spills a lot of worry to medium-size corporations and confirms the fact that cyber security is a global menace that requires extensive measures in order to combat (Brookes 2015). To successfully tackle this issue of cyber-crime and fully implement successful cyber security measures, the national governments need to invest enough efforts in fighting the crime. According to (Moens, Cushing Dowd 2015), governments have a duty to provide cyber security to their citizens and that if the national security declined in the cyber space, there would be increased threats to life and personal properties. Therefore, as much as organizations and businesses are required to take necessary measures to protect their information from external attacks by the cyber criminals, the governments do also have a very crucial role of creating effective cyber security measures that would ensure a favourable and threat free operating environment for the business investors and organizations. The most emerging trend in the fight against cyber-crime is the holistic approach (Tisdale 2015); (Atoum, Otoom Abu Ali 2014). Previously, most countries had their own ways, means and measures of tackling cyber security issues, and others even perceived it as a non-issue given that they had not experienced frequent threatening cyber-attacks. According to (Kostyuk 2014), Czech Republic witnessed numerous countries coming under heavy cyber-attacks on their big corporations, but never thought of their turn until the year 2013, when cyber-crime hit them hard. Many countries are realizing the importance of approaching the challenges of cyber security together as it poses more threat, not just on individual nations, but most nations are affected. Globalization has brought about the internet and almost every organization has adopted internet in their daily operations, and this diversity needs international collaboration to implement proper cyber security measures (Sendelj et al. n.d.). With emergency of dangerous extremist activities such as terrorism, most nations see the need to control the widespread of such practices, as terrorism is closely related to cyber-crime. But with this approach of togetherness, the major challenge in cyber security affecting most organizations across the world is the proper methods of providing technically-relevant training that can directly tackle cyber security threats (Silva et al. 2014). According to (Childers et al. 2010), one of the best and emerging ways to handle this is by engaging in competitive exercises. When devising a competition-based exercise for cyber security activities, one of the considerations organizers may have is presenting the students with what they can handle in relation to their expertise, therefore being able to challenge the experienced professionals while not overwhelming the inexperienced participants (Werther et al. 2011). All these are activities are aimed at improving cyber security execution skills. The Loopholes in Literary Works about Cyber Security Since cyber security is a complicated contemporary issue affecting various businesses and organizations all over the world, it has become so hard for the writers to nail down all the issues surrounding the area of cyber security. Numerous writers have had different views about this topic, some contrasting views others in agreement, but what remains clear is that there remains largely unexploited loopholes in the cyber security literature especially in regard to effects it directly have to individual business organizations. (van den Berg et al. n.d.) States that, modernization has made society so dependent on the Information technology, and businesses in the modern twenty first century can rarely do without technology and computer-based work operations which have got its numerous challenges posed as threats of cyber security breaches. Many literature works however, do not offer solutions and remedies that are specifically applicable for the effects of cyber-crime within the organization rather they tackle the cyber security issue generally as a whole without narrowing it down on how it may internally affect organizational operations or cause financial losses. According to (Australian Government 2009), the world at large has continued experiencing non-stop penetration of sophisticated and successful cyber-crime activities due to increased amount and value of electronic based information. This affects business organizations greatly just like any other sensitive sectors in any country. Therefore, a broader look at specific organizational cyber security threats and the remedies for ensuring maximum protection for the information is an important aspect most literary works have failed to point out when tackling the cyber security topic. It is important to note that there is still a wider area in organizational business structure that is yet to be covered because of generalization by the authors. Just like (Gunes et al. 2010) illustrated the connection between cyber systems and the physical world, there are less literature works about cyber security that illustrates its implementation in the business organizations. Less is known about the applicability of cyber security measures for most organizations as they still fall prey to cyber-crimes with less attention. A more detailed organizational-based approach in the analysis of cyber security is more important in understanding the effects of cyber security in business terms. While most literature works try to view cyber security issues in terms of dangers of terrorism and threats to the government information, very few have come out to address the large amount of money, individual organizations are losing in the business sector as well as information distortion and other damages. According to (The Department of Commerce Internet Policy Task Force 2011), the amount of internet threats have grown fast, therefore, there is a need for formulating security policies to evolve faster in and stay ahead of these threats. But all these are not explained in the organizational context; therefore, gripping together all the aspects that revolve around how challenging cyber security is to businesses is the most fundamental thing. A lot can be argued about the authors point of view on the cyber security topic but the open talking point is their lack of narrowing down the cyber security discussion to organizational level and how it could pose a threat to the organizational business operations. Furthermore, there is a literature gap concerning the challenges facing businesses in implementation of cyber security. This gap presents an opportunity for more research and analysis, as most writers tend to tackle similarly relatable issues when it comes to cyber security issues. Conclusion Cyber security is a growing problem for most businesses as they try to come up with measures on how to correctly adopt it. With proper cyber security, the important information within the organization is kept safe and secure, reducing the risk of financial losses as in the case of the banking institutions, including other damages. The increased rate of cyber-crime within the cyber space has put most businesses at a bigger risk, as the internet has grown full of many hackers who spend day and night trying to break into organizational systems. Businesses are now at bigger risk as any small security breach could present the opportunity for the cyber criminals to exploit. Businesses have tried so hard to create security measures addressing cyber security shortcomings, yet cyber criminals still find a way to hack into confidential information. According to (Deshpande Sambhe 2014) cyber security has three main principals, that is, Confidentiality, availability and Integrity. Sensitive information should remain confidential and only shared among the right people to avoid any leakages that may present criminals with the opportunity to strike. The information should also be available for those who need it within organization and finally, it should always have the integrity and should not be altered from its original state. Regardless of the current cyber security situations and the efforts the governments have put in, it remains clear that there is still a long way to go in implementing cyber security at organizational level. According to (Brookes 2015), it is very impossible for the government to provide cyber security for the whole public including businesses, but it has a role in formulating cyber security policies and implementing them as the only main prevention measure for the businesses. The rest of the task now remains on the organizations shoulders internally. References Atoum, I, Otoom, A Abu Ali, A 2014, 'A holistic cyber security implementation framework', Information Management Computer Security, vol 3, no. 22, pp. 251-264. Australian Government 2009, 'Cyber Security Strategy', Government Report. Brookes, C 2015, 'Cyber Security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in Australia', Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers, pp. 1-33. Childers, N, Boe, B, Cavallaro, L, Cavedon, L, Cova, M, Egele, M Vigna, G 2010, Organizing large scale hacking competitions. In Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment , Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Deshpande, VJ Sambhe, R 2014, 'Cyber Security: Strategy to Security Challenges- A Review ', International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) , vol III, no. 9, pp. 290-292. Gunes, V, Pete, S, Givargis, T Vahid, F 2010, 'A Survey on Concepts, Applications, and Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems ', KSII Transactions On Internet And Information Systems , vol X, no. 10, pp. 134-159. Kostyuk, N 2014, 'International and Domestic Challenges to Comprehensive National Cybersecurity: A Case Study of the Czech Republic', Journal of Strategic Security, vol VII, no. 1, pp. 68-82. Margaret Rouse 2017, 'Cybersecurity', WhatIs.com. Moens, A, Cushing, S Dowd, AW 2015, cybersecurity challenges For Canada And The United States, Fraser Institute. Sendelj, R, Lombardi, F, Ognjanovic, I Guarino, S, 'Cyber Security in Montenegro: Practice, Frameworks, and Challenges'. Silva, A, McClain, J, Reed, T, Anderson, B, Nauer, K, Abbott, R Forsythe, C 2014, 'Factors Impacting Performance in Competitive Cyber Exercises ', Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC. The Department of Commerce 2011, ' Cybersecurity, Innovation And The Internet Economy', The Department of Commerce. The Department of Commerce Internet Policy Task Force 2011, ' Cybersecurity, Innovation And The Internet Economy', The Department of Commerce Internet Policy Task Force. Tisdale, SM 2015, 'Cybersecurity: Challenges From A Systems, Complexity, Knowledge Management And Business Intelligence Perspective ', Issues in Information Systems , vol XVI, no. 3, pp. 191-198. van den Berg, J, van Zoggel, J, Snels, M, van Leeuwen, M, Boeke, S, van de Koppen, L, van der Lubbe, J, van den Berg, B de Bos, T, 'On (the Emergence of) Cyber Security Science and its Challenges for Cyber Security Education ', NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP. Werther, J, Zhivich, M, Leek, T Zeldovich, N 2011, 'Experiences in cyber security education: The MIT Lincoln Laboratory capture-the-flag exercise. Cyber Security Experimentation and Test, 8. '.

Restoration Histories Writing the Theatrical Essay Example

Restoration Histories: Writing the Theatrical Essay Restoration Histories: Writing the Theatrical Past â€Å"Between the Puritan shutting of the theaters in 1642 and the accession of Charles II in 1660, the interregnum dominated by Oliver Cromwell, dramatic activity about ceased. The Restoration of the monarchy was enthusiastically welcomed but both the societal and theatrical conditions had changed during the 18 old ages of turmoil.† ( Lawrence, 1994:debut seventeen) Restoration play occupies a alone infinite within the broader annals of English theatrical history. Brought into life as a direct consequence of the utmost conservativism and asceticism of the puritan Republican experiment of Oliver Cromwell about precisely one hundred old ages after the flower of Elizabethan theater, the dramas of the Restoration Period can non assist but pull comparings between the two clip frames that preceded and followed it. Restoration theater is accordingly frequently portrayed as excessively gay or excessively serious ; excessively similar or excessively different to the design that went ahead. Furthermore, because theater at this clip is ( rather right ) associated with the reign of the magnetic but hedonic Charles II, Restoration play, comedy and calamity are on a regular basis seen as the resort area of this inordinate Protestant sovereign and therefore overlooked as dramatic productions in their ain right. Yet, on the other manus, Restoration theater was besides one of the more progressive periods in the wider history of English play – non least in the backing of female authors and histrions, puting the cultural residue of the Restoration as more of import even than the early decennaries of the 20th century, as Fidelis Morgan ( 1981:debut eleven) points out. We will write a custom essay sample on Restoration Histories: Writing the Theatrical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Restoration Histories: Writing the Theatrical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Restoration Histories: Writing the Theatrical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"It is deserving observing that, in all of London’s principal West End theaters during the 60 old ages from 1920 to 1980 ( a clip which boasts immense societal and political progresss for adult females ) fewer dramas by adult females authors have been performed than were played by the two London companies which held the dramatic monopoly from 1660?1720.† It is exactly because of this sense of machination and enigma environing theater of the Restoration period that the work of the historiographers that trace its development is of such paramount academic importance today. Interpretations from play historiographers such as Allardyce Nicoll, Peter Womack and Simon Shepherd offer the modern-day pupil a window through which to see theater of the Restoration placing into a context a set of dramatic productions that would do small sense to the modern reader if they were read in isolation. Therefore, the following essay intends to analyze the plants of these three writers to see how Nicoll’sA History of Restoration Drama, 1660-1700and Womack and Shepherd’sEnglish Drama: A Cultural Historydovetail and differentiate between the cardinal subjects refering the critical re-appraisal of Restoration play. This action will besides give penetrations into how the dominant civilization permeating any given historian’s clime will ne edfully act upon the manner in which he or she interprets the yesteryear. A decision will be sought that efforts to underscore the victory of subjectiveness in the analysis of all aspects of historical theater. First, nevertheless, a definition and background to the coming of Restoration theater must be asserted so as to set up the conceptual context for the balance of the treatment. As had already briefly been mentioned it is Elizabethan play that is traditionally feted as the greatest manifestation of theatrical creativeness in the history of English theatrical production. Elizabeth’s replacement, James I was a notoriously severe King, one who set the tendency for the leaning towards faith instead than civilization, which was a outstanding characteristic of the waste artistic nature of Cromwellian England. However, even before Cromwell could presume the reigns of power, the bulk of the Elizabethan theaters had already been destroyed in the ferocious combat that marked the Civil War ( 1641-1647 ) . Therefore, when the Restoration of the English monarchy came approximately in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution in 1660, the scene had already been set for a re-awakening of a deep sitting national interest that had been allowed to steadily worsen into decay since the zenith of Shakespearean England one hundred old ages ahead. Where there had antecedentl y been military order at that place now existed cultural greening, patronised by the returning male monarch himself. It is an of import point and one that should be borne in head throughout the balance of the essay: the full narrative of the Restoration of dramatic production in England after 166o is per se tied to the Restoration of the monarchy and a comparative signifier of freedom of look that accompanied Charles II’s return from expatriate. This has needfully affected the manner in which the dramas of this period have been interpreted and Nicoll every bit good as Womack and Shepherd start from the point of view of the historical watershed that the Glorious Revolution represented. Historical reading of the Restoration period is hence greatly affected by the socio?political events that preceded it. Likewise, the coming of the 18th century and the widespread squabbling that took topographic point within the upper echelons of theater production after 1700 act as a book ter minal to the Civil War in the academic airing of Restoration worlds, as Robert Hume ( 1976:4 ) attests. â€Å"The 1660-1700 construct has the virtuousness of tidiness. The theaters reopen in 1660, after an 18 twelvemonth suspension imposed by the Commonwealth ; a play appears reflecting ( we are told ) the debauched tribunal of Charles II ; it evolves in Darwinian manner to its apogee inThe Way of the World; the ‘failure’ of that drama in 1700 brings the period to an end.† Although there are common variables that link the work produced during this clip, it would be wrong to presume that the timeframe – and more specifically the rational dissection of this timeframe – could so easy be pigeon?holed under the broader umbrella of ‘restoration theatre.’ Nevertheless, these remain the empirical and numerical edifice blocks of the treatment and the starting point for Allardyce Nicoll’s history of the generation of modern English theater and it is he who – chronologically first – must be studied first as the design for all 20th century histories of the 1660?1700 timeframe. A History of Restoration Drama, 1660-1700was – and remains – a extremely important academic history, portion of a broader five volume survey that detailed English play history up until the twelvemonth 1900. By any step, this is some academic accomplishment. It is nevertheless, above all, the freshness of the survey that must be underlined in the first case. Nicoll’s book offered fresh penetration into a deplorably overlooked subject and about single?handedly regenerated involvement in late 17th century play. Indeed, at the clip of authorship, the writer was astounded to happen that the lone major literary plants associating to restoration theaters were the late 17th century plays themselves. â€Å"The historiographer of those forty old ages which are normally called the period of the Restoration is faced likely by more troubles than is the historiographer of any other part of our literature. The plants of which he treats have been, justly or wrongly, neglected by bookman and by layman likewise. There are many reissues of Elizabethan dramas, an index no less of academic than of general involvement in the topic, but the bulk of the late 17th century play are to be found merely in their original editions. The whole period is one which for long has been untouched, and exactly because of that he who would now cover with it is confronted with infinite jobs, all of them of import but of which two the one of intervention and the other of grasp would look to name for elaborate mention.† ( Nicoll: 1977:1 ) The significance of the deficiency of secondary beginning stuff available to Nicoll must ever be borne in head when reading his seminal survey today. The writer, via fortunes wholly beyond his control, was forced to utilize the dramas and lifes about the main supporters of the clip as his major roadmap for the continuance of his history every bit good as ailment conceived modern-day propaganda histories such as Jeremy Collier’s 1698 thesis entitled,A Short View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the English Phase. It is for this ground that Nicoll saw fit to compartmentalize his work:A History of Restoration Dramawas the first major rational project of dramatic history to divide the assorted aspects of theater within the contents. Therefore, Nicoll trades foremost with the cardinal constituents that constitute the theatrical procedure ( the audience, theaters and histrions ) , followed by an scrutiny of calamity and comedy in the Restoration era. Calamity is seen as a 17th c entury edition of Elizabethan calamity while comedy is farther categorised into the undermentioned labels: Jonsonian, machination, Dryden, manners, travesty and sentiment. The value of compartmentalization resides in the manner that it permits the writer to visibly chart the development of theatre production during the period 1660-1700 without integrating all of the huge alterations of the clip into one individual history. This clearly made logistical sense. As has already been ascertained, the Restoration was a disruptive period for all manners of being: spiritual, economic, political and cultural. In add-on, the technique of charting the rise and autumn of a peculiar historic genre was typical of the bulk of British academic authors at the start of the 20th century. As Nicoll himself remarked with respects the influence of Elizabethan calamity on Restoration calamity: â€Å"Although the spirit of the age does non explicate everything, it explains a good deal.† ( 1977:91 ) One must therefore attempt to retrieve at all times that Nicoll penned his volumes of English play history in 1927 and was undoubtedly researching his capable affair for a good many old ages antecedently. As a consequence, unlike Shepherd and Womack, Nicoll instantly appears slightly anachronic to the modern reader for the very grounds stated above: he had small by manner of counsel with respects to secondary beginning stuff and he was a literary merchandise of his ain discerning clip. Allardyce Nicoll, in the concluding analysis, should be seen as more of a chronicler of over three hundred old ages of English play and, throughout, his focal point remains stiff and confined by this overall literary purpose. One of the more singular characteristics of Nicoll’s authorship is – apart from the sheer graduated table of his methodological analysis and research – the absence of critical cultural commentary to attach to the academic penetrations into the dramas. Like Womack and Shepherd, Nicoll quotes endlessly from cardinal scenes of of import Restoration dramas, yet he does little to explicate why certain alterations were witnessed in the theater after 166o that were hitherto absent or unnoticed. The most dramatic skip concerns the deficiency of any elaborate history of the socio?political complexnesss of the clip, which were dominated about wholly by the ongoing spiritual inquiry sing Protestantism and Catholicism. As Susan J. Owen ( 2000:158 ) explains, this is a glowering skip sing the unstable political landscape of the state at the clip, exacerbated by the ‘popish’ secret plan to assassinate the male monarch after 1678. â€Å"‘The Crisis’ affected the theaters severely. Peoples were more interested in the political sphere, or what was called the theater of intelligence, than in go toing plays.† Alternatively of political machination during the Restoration, Nicoll’s attending is progressively drawn towards the splits in the two major theater companies of the twenty-four hours – the rival Duke’s and King’s Companies ( Nicoll, 1977:7-62 ) and the societal manoeuvrings of cardinal playwrights such as John Dryden. Once more, this is non an academic inadvertence ; this is, instead, a manifestation of early 20th century historiography, whereby the author’s head concern is to inform the reader to the fullest extent of thefactsof the affair. Nicoll was composing in an age when scrutinies were passed or failed upon the keeping of cognition of affairs such as day of the months and citations, non the more artistic impression of academic that is so prevailing today where statements and hypotheses have mostly taken over the mantle antecedently occupied by fact. Again, this may do Nicoll’s work appear slightly foreign to modern readers but the met hodological model he set has served to help every subsequent pupil and bookman of Restoration theater. Theatrical historiographers such as John Cunningham ( 1966 ) , Eric Rothstein ( 1967 ) , Donald Bruce ( 1974 ) and Robert Hume ( 1976 ) have each relied to a great extent upon the earlier, open uping work of Allardyce Nicoll. In comparing, Simon Shepherd and Peter Womack embarked on an wholly different survey to Nicoll albeit one which attempted the same big scale history of English play to the present twenty-four hours. As the rubric of their book suggests, Shepherd and Womack were chiefly concerned with theculturalfacets of dramatic tradition in England to see how the survey of theater is able to uncover more about the societal restraints and aspirations of the twenty-four hours than the formal work of any modern-day author ( where Samuel Pepys stands tall as the most outstanding late 17th century primary beginning ) . This marks an immediate recreation from Nicoll’s work. Furthermore, the rubric of chapter five of the book ( ‘Restoration Comedy’ ) shows how the modern writers prefer to concentrate merely on one aspect of theater as opposed to trying a broader historical analysis, which Nicoll and his coevalss at Oxford and Cambridge tended to prefer. English Drama: A Cultural Historyis accordingly a much more accessible book for modern pupils of theater with new empirical research underpinning the more sociological focal point of the project. For case, at the beginning of Shepherd’s and Womack’s analysis of Restoration comedy, the writers pinpoint the manner in which the blurring of the boundaries between audience and histrion was intentionally invoked by authors who wished to convey a new sense of pragmatism in the late 17th century theater ( Shepherd and Womack, 1996:122-123 ) . Nicoll, by contrast, was much quicker to invalidate the consequence of the audience on Restoration dramatic production. â€Å"None of these marbless or dandies or courtiers of the audience were minds: barely any of them had a faith beyond obscure fond regard to royalty: every one of them was eager for the day’s pleasance, tidal bore for love and misanthropic laughter and the employment of the senses.† ( Nicoll, 1977:19 ) This is simply another indicant of the clip that both books were published.English Drama: A Cultural Historyis able to see the interaction between the playwright and the audience in a discernibly post-modern visible radiation where the modern twenty-four hours being of ‘drama?therapy’ ( or ‘community theatre’ ) outputs similarities with the apparently anarchic nature of Restoration creativeness and amusement. Conversely, Allardyce Nicoll was the merchandise of late Victorian/early Edwardian civilization – a universe where manners and etiquette were far more morally important than therapy of empathy. This cardinal difference in attitudes is likewise prevalent in the treatment of dramatic ‘smut’ in the late 1600’s with Shepherd’s and Womack’s point of view bewraying the modernness of their research and authorship. â€Å"The odiousness of carbon black is a durable subject of dramatic censoring, prevailing smartly, for case, in the regulations regulating broadcast play today. On the face of it, it seems a critically unproductive compulsion since it wrenches single words and phrases out of any meaningful context in order to seek them individually at the saloon of moral propriety.† ( 1996:129 ) As detailed, there are clearly major differences in both focal point and intent between the two academic surveies in inquiry but in many other respects there are besides a figure of of import similarities. For case, the dramas under examination are mostly the same in both histories and the observations refering certain productions are similarly of the same literary like. Dryden’sAn Evening’s Love( 1668 ) is singled out by both books for its land breakage usage of the traditional dramatic prologue while Thomas Southerne’sThe Wifes Excuse( 1691 ) is seen as the prototype of the worst comedic surpluss of Restoration theater ( Nicoll:241 ) – something that Shepherd and Womack ( 1996:122 ) describe as, â€Å"the low-water mark of profaneness and immorality.† The speech pattern on the issue of manners in Restoration theater is besides re-visited inEnglish Drama: A Cultural History.Chapter six of the book ( ‘Bawdy, Manners and the English National Character’ ) is concerned with the same issue that dominated Nicoll’s intervention of Restoration comedy. Shepherd and Womack, nevertheless, utilise the more modern methodological tools at their disposal by looking at the manner Restoration theater was viewed by play historiographers in the eighteenth, 19th and 20th centuries in order to cable the manner in which the dramas of the late 1600’s were mostly airbrushed from history in anything like a meaningful dramatic sense. The positions of play historiographers such as Ward ( 1875 ) and E.L. Avery ( 1944 ) highlight the deficiency of objectiveness at work with respects to restoration theatre, as Shepherd and Womack farther underscore. â€Å"The convergence between drama and world preoccupied those animadversions which saw Restoration comedy as an outgrowth of a effete blue culture.† ( 1996:183 ) The writers go on to nail the peculiarly English antipathy for ‘decadent blue culture’ that has without uncertainty tainted the finest work of the Restoration era. The Gallic, for case, remain firm proud of their comparable calamity, play and comedy of the late 17th century – a clip when the monarchy and nobility in France was of an even more inordinate civilization than was the instance in England. Thus, Shepherd and Womack note the beginnings of capitalist civilization taking topographic point in England at the terminal of the 17th century, manifested as a disgust for the aristocracy and an progressively bourgeois makeup of the audience ( 1996:159-165 ) . This insight high spots the manner that modern academe is able to bring out truths about the societal fundamental law of England that were beyond the methodological kingdom of Nicoll and his coevalss. By analyzing informations from a sociological ( as opposed to a theoretical ) point of view, Shepherd, Womack a nd a host of other modern authors are able to new fluctuations of Nicoll’s original survey. This could merely hold transpired due to structural and organizational alterations within academe during the 70 old ages that separated the publication ofA History of Restoration DramaandEnglish Drama: A Cultural History.The paradigm of comparative analysis was non by and large practised during Nicoll’s twenty-four hours, whereas it is today the major agencies of pass oning a truth between the writer and his or her audience. Decision Allardyce Nicoll has non been without his disparagers. H.H.R. Love – for illustration, finds much at mistake in the â€Å"school of observers falling from Allardyce Nicoll for whom the lone inquiry that needs to be asked of a author of Restoration comedy is by how much he failed to composeThe Way of the World†( 1967:106-108 ) . Although there are so many defects in Nicoll’s expansive history of Restoration theater, there can be no denying the innovative nature of his work. In fact, were it non for this fact, there would non hold been a ‘school of commentators’ falling from his theoretical point of view. Furthermore, unfavorable judgment has historically been the batch of the trailblazer and holes in his work are bound to be exaggerated if for no other ground than to give acceptance to the new coevals of faculty members who need fresh thoughts to show to an progressively good read drama-history audience. In add-on, there can be no uncertainty that for pupils today Nicoll and his survey of English theater must come across as unquestionably anachronic. The lay-out of the book, the dissection of the dramas and the manner in which the writer appears to be excessively concerned with etiquette, ethical motives and manners are all grounds of an academic survey that has long since ceased to be of immediate methodological relevancy. It becomes progressively clear that Nicoll is hemmed in by the restraints of his ain Victorian rational straitjacket, which demands the denouncement of dramas such asMaid’s Last Prayer,Princess of CleveandAntiochus. Therefore, in the concluding analysis, reading Nicoll today is kindred to analyzing history on two degrees: one refering the dramas of the Restoration period that the writer recounts, the other sing the disclosures uncovered about early 20th century positions of the theatrical yesteryear. Indeed, this ability to read more into a text is what has marked the work of Simon Shepherd and Peter Womack out within the more recent surveies of theater during the period 1660-1700. The writers appear good cognizant of the facts recounted by Nicoll and his followings, and have clearly set out to till new land for future research workers to reap. Hence,English Drama: A Cultural Historydressed ores on explicatingwhythe Restoration age appears to be such an anomalousness within the broader annals of English play history. By analyzing the audience, the theaters, the dramatists, the dramas and – crucially – the residue of Restoration theater – Shepherd and Womack uncover greater societal and political undertones at work which influenced the end product of play at this clip in a much greater manner than the mere presence of a restored, effete monarchy. Paying due attending to the primacy of subjectiveness in dramatic analysis ( which dictates that any sentiment or r eading of a text is wholly defensible ) , Shepherd and Womack are testimony to the ageless moral force at work in literary and dramatic unfavorable judgment. For every bit long as involvement in theater remains, there will ever be fertile land for original faculty members and writers. Ultimately, the two books analysed within this peculiar survey should be seen as the perfect compliment to one another – a factual chronology of Restoration theater shacking alongside a sociological history of the factors behind its generation. Bibliography Bruce, D. ( 1974 )Subjects of Restoration ComedyLondon: Victor Gollancz Ltd. Cunningham, J.E. ( 1966 )Restoration DramaLondon: Evans Brothers Ltd. Fisk, P.D. ( Ed. ) ( 2000 )English Restoration TheatreCambridge: Cambridge University Press Hume, R.D. ( 1976 )The Development of English Drama in the Late SeventeenthCenturyOxford: Clarendon Lawrence, R.G. ( 1994 )Restoration PlaiesLondon: Everyman Lowenthall, C. ( 2002 )Performing Identities on the Restoration PhaseChicago: Southern Illinois Press Morgan, F. ( 1981 )The Female Witss: Women Playwrights of the RestorationLondon: Virago Nicoll, A. ( 1977 )A History of English Drama, 1660-1900 – Vol.1: Restoration Drama, 1660-1700: Fourth EditionCambridge: Cambridge University Press Rothstein, E. ( 1967 )Restoration Calamity: Form and the Process of ChangeMadison, Milwaukee and London: University of Wisconsin Press Shepherd, S. and Womack, P. ( 1996 )English Drama: A Cultural HistoryOxford: Blackwell Selected Articles Owen, S.J. ( 2000 )Drama and Political Crisis, in, Fisk, P.D. ( Ed. )English Restoration TheatreCambridge: Cambridge University Press Diaries Love, H.H.R. ( 1967 )Reappraisal of the Regents Restoration Drama Series, in,Journal of Australian Universities Language and Literature Association, Volume 23